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Sulina () is a town and free port in Tulcea County,
Northern Dobruja Northern Dobruja ( ro, Dobrogea de Nord or simply ; bg, Северна Добруджа, ''Severna Dobrudzha'') is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania. It lies between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, bordered in the south ...
, Romania, at the mouth of the
Sulina branch The Sulina branch is a distributary of the river Danube, that contributes in forming the Danube Delta. The other two main branches of the Danube are the Chilia branch to the north and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch to the south. The Sulina br ...
of the Danube. It is the easternmost point of Romania.


History

During the mid- Byzantine period, Sulina was a small cove, and in the 14th century, a Genoese port inhabited by a handful of sailors, pirates and fishermen. In the 18th century, the
Ottomans The Ottoman Turks ( tr, Osmanlı Türkleri), were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire ( 1299/1302–1922). Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, ...
built a lighthouse there in order to facilitate communication between Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Danubian Principalities, the main breadbaskets for the Ottoman capital. Thanks to the signing of the Treaty of Adrianoupolis (Edirne) on September 2, 1829, that unfettered the Danube
grain trade The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals and other food grains such as wheat, barley, maize, and rice. Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other ...
, Sulina, by then under Russian control, became an important port. Great sailing boats could not sail fully loaded to
Brăila Brăila (, also , ) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County. The ''Sud-Est'' Regional Development Agency is located in Brăila. According to the 2011 Romanian census there were 180,302 pe ...
and
Galați Galați (, , ; also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the Danube River. It has been the only port for the most par ...
, which were the main export centres of Wallachia and Moldavia, because of the shallow waters of the river; therefore, they had to tranship at least part of their cargoes to smaller riverboats (shleps). The owners and crew of these shleps were almost always Greek. Even greater development occurred after the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1856), which ended the Crimean War. One of the treaty's terms determined the establishment of the Danube European Committee(C.E.D.), which would conduct infrastructure works on the mouth of the river in order to make it floatable for larger ships as well. The technical works allowed entrance to the Danube for a great number of "foreign", i.e. non-Greek ships, leading to a higher level of competition. River faring, however, largely remained in Greek hands. The declaration by the Ottoman administration of Sulina as a free port in 1870 also boosted its development. The Russo-Ottoman war of 1877–1878 led to many changes as well. The city was initially put under Russian control and after the signing of the Berlin Treaty was annexed to Romania, as was the whole Dobrudja area. According to a 1878 estimation, the town then had a total population of 800, consisting of 350 Greeks, 150 Turks, 50 Romanians, 50
Russian Old Believers Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow bet ...
and 200 others. During World War I the city served as base for the Romanian cruiser '' Elisabeta'', whose actions kept the mouths of the Danube under Romanian control throughout the war. In November 1916, the German submarine '' UC-15'' was sent on a minelaying mission off Sulina and never returned, being sunk by her own mines. This was probably caused by an encounter with the Romanian torpedo boat '' Smeul'', whose captain surprised a German submarine near Sulina in November 1916, the latter reportedly never returning to her base at
Varna Varna may refer to: Places Europe *Varna, Bulgaria, a city in Bulgaria **Varna Province **Varna Municipality ** Gulf of Varna **Lake Varna **Varna Necropolis *Vahrn, or Varna, a municipality in Italy *Varniai, a city in Lithuania * Varna (Å aba ...
. This could only be ''UC-15'', whose systems most likely malfunctioned after being forced to submerge in the shallow waters, upon encountering the Romanian torpedo boat. In World War II, the Soviet M-class submarine ''M-59'' was sunk by mines laid off Sulina by the Romanian minelayers '' Amiral Murgescu'', ''Regele Carol I'' and ''Dacia''.


Demographics

According to the 2011 census, 82.82% of the population were Romanians, 11.43% Lipovans, 1.8% Greeks, 1.29% Ukrainians and 2.3% of other or undeclared ethnicity. At the 2002 census, 93.0% spoke
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
and 5.7% Russian as their first language. 94.3% were
Orthodox Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to: Religion * Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pag ...
and 5.1%
Old Believers Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow bet ...
. At the 1930 census, 47.2% were Romanians, 20.8% Greeks, 17.7% Lipovans, 3.3% Serbs, 3.0% Turks, 1.6% Jews, 1.0% Germans and 5.4% others.


Notable people

*
Romulus Bărbulescu Romulus Bărbulescu (October 27, 1925, Sulina – February 9, 2010, Bucharest) was a Romanian science-fiction writer. In 1963, Bărbulescu published "Constellations from the Waters," the first of 10 science fiction novels that established him ...
(1925–2010), science-fiction writer *
Manya Botez Manya Botez (1896–1971) was a Romanian pianist and children's music teacher. Background and education Manya Botez was born Mania Goldman, of Jewish parents, in Sulina. She studied in Berlin and in Paris, and taught in Berlin until 1939. She fo ...
(1896–1971), pianist and children's music teacher *
George Georgescu George Georgescu (September 12, 1887 – September 1, 1964) was a Romanian conductor. The moving force behind the Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra for decades beginning shortly after World War I, a protégé of Artur Nikisch and a close associ ...
(1887–1964), conductor *
Vahan Malezian Vahan Malezian ( hy, ÕŽÕ¡Õ°Õ¡Õ¶ Õ„Õ¡Õ¬Õ¥Õ¦Õ¥Õ¡Õ¶, in Sulina, Romania - 1966 in Nice, France) was an Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the ...
(1871–1966), writer, translator, poet, and social activist *
Ionel Petrov Ionel Petrov (born 7 October 1934) is a Romanian Rowing (sport), rower. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome with the Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless four, men's coxless four where they were eliminated in the round ...
(born 1934), rower *
Ștefan Tarasov Ștefan is the Romanian form of Stephen, used as both a given name and a surname. For the English version, see Stefan. Some better known people with the name Ștefan are listed below. For a comprehensive list see . Notable persons with that name ...
(born 1943), rower


Sightseeing

* The Lighthouse of the European Commission of the Danube * The Church "Sf. Nicolae" * The Cemetery The waters of the Danube, which flow into the Black Sea, form the largest and best preserved of Europe's river deltas. The
Danube delta The Danube Delta ( ro, Delta Dunării, ; uk, Дельта Дунаю, Deľta Dunaju, ) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Ro ...
hosts over 300 species of birds as well as 45 freshwater fish species in its numerous lakes and marshes.From th
UNESCO
website


Climate

Sulina has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification: ''BSk'').


Gallery

File:RO TL Sulina Danube Comission palace.jpg, The Palace of the Danube Commission. File:Lighthouse in Sulina.jpg, The Lighthouse. File:Sulina from space.jpg, Sulina from space File:SulinaSentinel202205122359.jpg, Sulina from space 2022


References


Bibliography


Constantin Ardeleanu, International Trade and Diplomacy at the Lower Danube: The Sulina Question and the Economic Premises of the Crimean War (1829-185), Editura Istros, 2014.


External links


The Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation
* {{Authority control Towns in Romania Danube Delta Populated places in Tulcea County Localities in Northern Dobruja Populated places on the Danube Populated coastal places in Romania Port cities and towns in Romania Port cities of the Black Sea Extreme points of Romania