Somtam huapli832.jpg

Green papaya salad ( km, បុកល្ហុង, lo, ຕຳຫມາກຫຸ່ງ and th, ส้มตำ) is a spicy salad made from shredded unripe papaya. It was possibly created by the Lao people but is eaten throughout Continental Southeast Asia ( Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam), Xishuangbanna (from China), and considered a national dish in both Laos and Thailand.

'' CNN'' included a variation on their list of the ''World's 50 most delicious foods.''

History

Papaya and chili peppers were introduced to Southeast Asia by the Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 17th century from the Americas. Although it is unknown when papayas entered Laos specifically, they had already been integrated into Lao culture by the time of Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix's visit in 1836.

Thai historian Sujit Wongthes has speculated that the green papaya salad originated in the communities of ethnic Chinese–Lao settlers living in what is now Central Thailand, who adopted the ancient Lao tradition of preparing salads from fruits, called ''tam som'', to make salads from papayas. The new dish became known as ''som tam'' during the early Rattanakosin period (late 18th to early 19th centuries) and, along with the papaya, then spread to today's Northeast Thailand following the construction of the Northeastern railway line during the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The dish became more popular after the opening of Mittraphap Road in 1957, helping bring new papaya cultivars into the region, and has since become widely adopted by the ethnic Lao people of both Isan and Laos. Likewise, the hot flavour also spread to Isan and Laos from Central Thailand, which had been introduced to chilli peppers first.

However, chilli peppers, like papayas, were already fully integrated in the Lao territory by the time French explorer Henri Mouhot visited Laos, in 1861, and also in the Lao traditional culinary recipes. Furthermore, during the 1950s and 1960s, green papaya salad and other Lao dishes were rarely known in Bangkok and could only be found around the boxing stadium that gathered boxers and fans from Northeastern Thailand, as well as in mobile food carts outside construction sites with workers from Northeastern Thailand and gas stations serving long-distance bus drivers. During the standardization of the Thai national cuisine, green papaya salad was among the Northeastern or Lao dishes to be included into the Thai national cuisine and modified by reducing the amount of chilli peppers and increasing the amount of sugar. Green papaya salad is considered a national dish in both Laos and Thailand.

Preparation

The dish combines the five main basic tastes: sourness of the lime, the spiciness of the chili, saltiness and savoriness of the fish sauce, and sweetness of palm sugar. The ingredients are mixed and pounded in a mortar, which is reflected in the Khmer, Lao and Thai names for the dish that literally mean "pounded papaya".

In Laos, green papaya salad is one of the traditional staples of the Lao. Pounded salads in Laos all fall under the parent category of ''tam som'', which may or may not contain green papaya, however, when no specific type of ''tam som'' is mentioned, it is generally understood to refer to green papaya salad. For absolute clarity, however, the name ''tam maak hoong'' may be used, since this name means "pounded papaya".

In Thailand, it is customary that a customer ask the preparer to make the dish suited to his or her tastes. To specifically refer to the original style of papaya salad as prepared in Laos or Isan, it is known as or ''som tam Lao'' or simply as ''tam Lao'' and the dish as prepared in central Thailand may be referred to as ''som tam Thai''.

Traditionally, the local variety of green papaya salad in the streets of Bangkok is very spicy due to the addition of a fistful of chopped hot bird's eye chili. However, with its rising popularity among tourists, it is now often served less spicy as it used to be in the past.

Additional ingredients

Together with the papaya, some or most of the following secondary items are added and pounded in the mortar with the pestle:
* Asparagus beans
*Brined "rice field crabs". These belong to the freshwater crab genera ''Sayamia'', ''Chulathelphusa'', and ''Esanthelphusa'' (previously classified as part of the genus '' Somanniathelphusa''), which all belong to the Gecarcinucid crab subfamily Parathelphusinae. found in flooded rice fields and canals. Isan people eat the entire crab, including the shell.
* Chili pepper
* Dried shrimp
* Fish sauce
*Garlic
* Monosodium glutamate
* Hog plums
* Lime slice and lime juice
*Palm sugar
* Shrimp paste
* Fish paste
*Raw Thai eggplant
*Cherry or grape tomatoes (green or ripe)

Green papaya salad is often served with glutinous rice and ''kai yang''/''ping gai'' (grilled chicken). It can also be eaten with fresh rice noodles or simply as a snack by itself with, for instance, crispy pork rinds. The dish is often accompanied by raw green vegetables such as water spinach and white cabbage wedges on the side to mitigate the spiciness of the dish.

Variations

It is believed to have originated in Laos, from where it was exported into Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Variations of the dish are found throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and as well as in the West, where it is more commonly known by its Thai name.

A non-spicy green papaya salad version also exists in Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, which is much sweeter; it often contains crushed peanuts and is less likely to have fish paste or brined crab. Dried brine shrimp are used in this Central Thai version. There are also versions that make use of unripe mangoes, apples, cucumbers, carrots and other firm vegetables or unripe fruit. Besides using varieties of fruits or vegetables as the main ingredient a popular option is to use vermicelli rice noodles wherein the dish is known as ''tam sua''.

Instead of papaya, other ingredients can be used as the main ingredient. Popular variations in Laos and Thailand include the salad with:
*Cucumber, usually the small variety (''tam maak taeng'', ''tam taengkwa'');
*Green and unripe mango (''tam maak muang'', ''tam mamuang'');
*Green and unripe bananas (''tam maak kuai'', ''tam kluai'');
*Hard and unripe santol (''tam krathon'');
* Banana flowers (''tam hua pli'');
* Malay gooseberry (''tam mayom'');
* Pomelo (''tam som o'');
*'' Mu yo'' sausage (''tam mu yo'');
*Mixed fruit (''tam phonlamai ruam'');
*Coconut rice (''khao man som tam'');
*'' Tam Thaad'', a papaya salad that has many ingredients present in the same tray instead of the dish for more convenience to eat in a group and it can also give a feeling of better taste.

Reception

The Thai variation ''som tam'' has been listed at number 46 on ''World's 50 most delicious foods'' compiled by '' CNN Go'' in 2011 and 2018.

Gallery

File:Som tam thai.JPG, Thai green papaya salad with peanuts
File:Som tam pu.jpg, Green papaya salad with brined rice paddy crabs (''som tam pu'')
File:Tam phonla mai ruam.jpg, Green papaya salad with mixed fruit (''tam phonlamai ruam'')
File:Somtam huapli832.jpg, Green papaya salad with banana flowers (''tam hua pli'')
File:Tam mu yo.jpg, Green papaya salad with '' mu yo'' sausage (''tam mu yo'')
File:Tam mamuang pla haeng thot.jpg, A variation of the salad with green mango instead of papaya and dried anchovies (''tam mamuang pla haeng thot'')
File:Tam maphrao on sen mi krop 02.jpg, ''Tam maphrao on sen mi krop'': a variation with soft coconut meat and deep-fried rice noodle

See also

* List of fruit dishes
* List of salads
* Atchara

References

Further reading

* Cummings, Joe. (2000). ''World Food: Thailand''. UK: Lonely Planet Publishers. pp. 157–8.
* Williams, China ‘’et al.’’. (). ‘’Southeast Asia on a Shoestring: Big Trips on Small Budgets.’’ Lonely Planet. p. 31.
* Brissenden, Rosemary. (2007). ''Southeast Asian food: Classic and Modern Dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, ..'' Tuttle Publishing. pp. 434 – 439.
* McDermoot, Nancie. (1992). ''Real Thai: The Best of Thailand’s Regional Cooking.'' Chronicle Books. pp. 121 – 146.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papaya Salad
Salads
Vegetable dishes of Thailand
Burmese cuisine
Cambodian cuisine
Lao cuisine
Thai cuisine
Vegetable dishes
Fruit salads
National dishes
Papaya dishes