Sibiu vedere de pe Deaulul Gusteritei.jpg
   HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - Sibiu vedere de pe Deaulul Gusteritei.jpg
OR:
Sibiu vedere de pe Deaulul Gusteritei.jpg on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

Sibiu ( , , german: link=no, Hermannstadt , la, Cibinium,
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
: ''Härmeschtat'', hu, Nagyszeben ) is a city in Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river
Olt Olt or OLT may refer to: People: * Károly Olt (1904–1985), Hungarian politician * Mike Olt (born 1988), American baseball player Places: * Olt County, a county (județ) of Romania * Olt (river), a river in Romania ** Olt Defile, a defile that ...
. Now the capital of the Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was also the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Nicknamed ''The City with Eyes'', the city is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history, gastronomy and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the city has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiu was designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007. One year later, it was ranked "Europe's 8th-most idyllic place to live" by '' Forbes''. In 2019, Sibiu was named the European Region of Gastronomy. Sibiu hosted the European Wandering Capital event in 2021, the most important tourist wandering event in Europe. A European Union
summit A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. The topography, topographic terms acme, apex, peak (mountain peak), and zenith are synonymous. The term (mountain top) is generally used ...
was also hosted by the town in 2019. Sibiu is also known for its Christmas market. Personalities include
Conrad Haas Conrad Haas (1509–1576) was an Austrian or Transylvanian Saxon military engineer. He was a pioneer of rocket propulsion. His designs include a three-stage rocket and a manned rocket. Haas was perhaps born in Dornbach (now part of Hernal ...
and
Hermann Oberth Hermann Julius Oberth (; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Ts ...
, who were pioneers of rocketry. The company Elrond, which created the eGold
cryptocurrency A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It i ...
(among the biggest in the world), was founded by people from Sibiu. As of 2011, the city has a population of 147,245, while a 2019 estimate puts it at 169,056. The proposed Sibiu metropolitan area has a population of 267,170. The city also administers the village of
Păltiniș Păltiniş (german: Hohe Rinne; hu, Szebenjuharos) is a mountain resort in Transylvania, Romania, 35 km south-west from Sibiu in the Cindrel Mountains. It is situated at 1440 m altitude, being the highest resort in Romania. It lies in a c ...
, a ski resort located 35 kilometres to the southwest. Historically, Sibiu has been one of the most important centres of the Transylvanian Saxons. It is called ''Härmeschtat'' in their own local dialect.


Name

The name of the city derives from the Bulgar-Turkic name SibinRomanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
name Sibiu is ''Sibiiu'', while an obsolete folk name is ''Sâghii'', formerly spelled ''Sîghii''. Its Hungarian name is ''Nagyszeben'' ("Big/Greater Sibiu"), or colloquially, ''Szeben''. In German, it is called ''Hermannstadt'' ("Hermann's city"), while in the local Transylvanian Saxon dialect, it is known as ''Härmeschtat''. In
Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...
, it is called סעבען ''Seben'' or הערמאנשטאט ''Hermanshtat''. A number of other languages also have their own variants of the city's name, like Czech ''Sibiň'',
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
''Sybin'', Serbo-Croatian ''Sibinj'', Old
Bulgarian Bulgarian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria * Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group * Bulgarian language, a Slavic language * Bulgarian alphabet * A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria * Bul ...
''Sibin'' (Сибин) and the proposed
Esperanto Esperanto ( or ) is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by the Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communi ...
name ''Sibio''.


History

Sibiu was initially a Daco-Roman city called ''Cedonia.'' The town was refounded by
Saxon The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic * * * * peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
(German) settlers brought there by king
Géza II of Hungary Géza II ( hu, II. Géza; hr, Gejza II; sk, Gejza II; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162. He was the oldest son of Béla the Blind and his wife, Helena of Serbia. When his father died, Géza was still a child a ...
. They came from territories of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of France (nowadays parts of Germany, France and the Benelux countries) and arrived at around 1147. The first references to the area were ''Cibinium'' and ''Cipin'' from 1191 when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free
prepositure A provost is a senior official in a number of Christian Churches. Historical development The word ''praepositus'' (Latin: "set over", from ''praeponere'', "to place in front") was originally applied to any ecclesiastical ruler or dignitary. I ...
of the Saxons in Transylvania, having its headquarters in Sibiu. The city also used the names ''Prepositus Cibiniensis'' (1192–1196) and ''Prepositus Scibiniensis'' (1211). In 1223, it was renamed to ''Villa Hermanni'', either in honor of
archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
Hermann II of Cologne or after a man who is believed to have founded the city, Hermann of Nuremberg. The actual German name of ''Hermannstadt'' ("Hermann's city") dates from 1366, while an earlier form, ''Hermannsdorf'' ("Hermann's village") was recorded in 1321. In the 14th century, it was already an important trade centre. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. Sibiu became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name ''Siebenbürgen'' (literally ''seven citadels''). It was home to the
Universitas Saxorum ''Universitas'' is a Latin word meaning "the whole, total, the universe, the world", or in Roman law a society or corporation; the latter sense is where the word university is derived from. Universitas may also refer to: * Universitas 21, an in ...
(Community of the Saxons), a network of pedagogues, ministers, intellectuals, city officials, and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s. In 1699, after the Ottomans withdrew to their base of power in Hungary and Transylvania, the town became capital of Principality of Transylvania (since 1570 the principality was mostly under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, however often had a dual vassalage). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second- and later the first-most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The ''Albina'' Bank), as did the
ASTRA Astra may refer to: People * Astra (name) Places * Astra, Chubut, a village in Argentina * Astra (Isauria), a town of ancient Isauria, now in Turkey * Astra, one suggested name for a hypothetical fifth planet that became the asteroid belt Ent ...
(Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Austrian Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third-most important centre of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and 1867 (the year of the ''
Ausgleich The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...
''), Sibiu was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region. After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved, Sibiu became part of Romania; the majority of its population was still ethnic German (until 1941) and counted a large Romanian community, as well as a smaller Hungarian one. Starting from the 1950s and until after 1990, most of the city's ethnic Germans emigrated to Germany and Austria. Among the roughly 2,000 who have remained is
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (Romania), Na ...
, the President of Romania. File:Sibiu_Centru_vedere_panoramica.jpg, Panoramic view of Sibiu from 1928 File:Sibiu vedere de pe Deaulul Gusteritei.jpg, View from Gușterița hill File:Johann Böbel - Poarta Burger-Ocnei, la 1857.jpg, Burger-Ocnei gate File:Johann Bobel - Turnul Portii Cisnadiei.jpg,
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsb ...
's Gate Tower File:Johann Böbel - Strada Turnului şi biserica Evanghelică.jpg, Tower's Street and the Evangelical Lutheran Church File:Hermanstatt (Sibiu), 17th century engraving.jpg, Copper engraving of Sibiu (''Hermanstatt''), 1630. File:Lanzedelli - Târg în Transilvania 4.jpg, A busy market scene in Sibiu, 1818


Geography

Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at . Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about from the Făgăraș Mountains, from the
Cibin Mountains Cindrel Mountains (also known as Cândrel Mountains, Cibin Mountains, or the Szeben Alps) are a group of mountains in central Romania in the centre of the Southern Carpathians, in the North-East of the Parâng Mountains group. From the Transylva ...
, and about from the Lotru Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill. The Cibin river as well as some smaller streams runs through Sibiu. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it.


Climate

Sibiu's climate is humid continental ( Köppen: ''Dfb''), with average temperatures of . The average rainfall is , and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually.


Tourism

In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (together with Luxembourg). This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the city, and a great number of tourists came, both domestic and foreign. The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania, as it holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12+ institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences. The city also lies close to the Făgăraș Mountains – a popular trekking destination, close to the city of
Păltiniș Păltiniş (german: Hohe Rinne; hu, Szebenjuharos) is a mountain resort in Transylvania, Romania, 35 km south-west from Sibiu in the Cindrel Mountains. It is situated at 1440 m altitude, being the highest resort in Romania. It lies in a c ...
and Arena Platoș ski resorts – both winter holiday destinations, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches. Since 2007, a traditional Christmas market has been held in Sibiu. The first of its kind in Romania, it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets, being a project developed by the Social Attaché of the Austrian Embassy in Romania, dr.h.c.
Barbara Schöfnagel Barbara may refer to: People * Barbara (given name) * Barbara (painter) (1915–2002), pseudonym of Olga Biglieri, Italian futurist painter * Barbara (singer) (1930–1997), French singer * Barbara Popović (born 2000), also known mononymously ...
. It was held in the "Lesser Square" (Piața Mică) with 38 small stalls, a small stage and an area dedicated to children, having several mechanical attractions installed there. Since 2008, the market is held in the "Grand Square" (Piata Mare) grew to a number of about 70 stalls, a bigger stage was set up, where Christmas carols concerts are held. An ice skating rink and a children's workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years.''Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu''
 It was the first Christmas Market in Romania, but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country. In 2013, the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the "15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe" In 2019, Sibiu had planned to host the European Gastronomical capital, by encouraging the local producers and businesses in the field of food production and culinary and gourmet culture, traditional workshops in the villages of the region, promoting farms and gastronomic circuits, or developing public programs to support small businesses in gastronomy and of the hospitality industry in the Sibiu region.


Culture

Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has 2 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University, where students hold monthly representations. The
Radu Stanca National Theatre The Radu Stanca National Theatre ( ro, Teatrul Național "Radu Stanca" Sibiu, abbreviation: TNRS) is a theatre in Sibiu, Romania, which began construction in 1788. It is one of the longest-standing theatres in Romania and one of the main structures ...
is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Gábor Tompa and
Silviu Purcărete Silviu may refer to: *Silviu Bălace (born 1978), Romanian football player *Silviu Berejan (1927–2007), Bessarabian writer from Moldova and member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova *Silviu Bindea (1912–1992), Romanian football player * Silv ...
. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week. The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German. The
State Philharmonic of Sibiu The State Philharmonic Orchestra of Sibiu ( ro, Filarmonica de Stat Sibiu) is an orchestra from Romania. History In the 16th century, Sibiu had one of the first European schools for organ, funded by Hyeronymus Ostermayer and the city's archive c ...
presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored
Thalia Hall The Thalia Hall ( ro, Sala Thalia) is a theatre and concert hall situated in Sibiu Sibiu ( , , german: link=no, Hermannstadt , la, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'', hu, Nagyszeben ) is a city in Romania, in the historical r ...
, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral. The
Sibiu International Theatre Festival The Sibiu International Theatre Festival ( ro, Festivalul Internațional de Teatru de la Sibiu) is one of the most important theatre and performing arts festivals in the world, and the third biggest, after the Festival d'Avignon and the Edinburgh In ...
is an annual festival of performing arts. Since 2016, it is the largest performance arts festival in the world.


Museums and parks

Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the
Brukenthal National Museum The Brukenthal National Museum ( ro, Muzeul Național Brukenthal; german: Brukenthalmuseum) is a museum in Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, established in the late 18th century by Samuel von Brukenthal (1721-1803) in his city palace. Baron Brukent ...
and the
ASTRA National Museum Complex "ASTRA" National Museum Complex ( ro, Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA") is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority four ethnology and civilisation museums in the city, a series of laboratories for conservation ...
. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies. The
ASTRA National Museum Complex "ASTRA" National Museum Complex ( ro, Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA") is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority four ethnology and civilisation museums in the city, a series of laboratories for conservation ...
focuses on
ethnography Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject o ...
, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum, a 96-hectare open-air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu, a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People. The
Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park ( ro, Parcul Natural Dumbrava Sibiului) ( natural park category V IUCN) is a protected area situated in central Romania, in Sibiu County, in administrative territory of Sibiu city. Description Dumbrava Sibiul ...
stretches over and it is away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Răşinari. Also, here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum. There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40 locomotives, two of which are functional. The first park in the city was The Promenade, later called "The Disabled Promenade." established in 1791, today part of Parcul Cetății (Citadel Park). Current arrangement of the park, including the space between the walls, dates from 1928. The Sub Arini Park, established between 1857 and 1859 based on plans of military engineer Michael Seyfried, is one of the biggest and best-maintained parks in Romania. There are other green spaces in the city center, the best known being Astra Park, established in 1879. Other parks: Tineretului Park, Reconstrucției Park, Corneliu Coposu Park, Petöfi Sándor Park, Piața Cluj Park, Ștrand Park, Cristianului Park, Țițeica Park, Vasile Aaron Park, Lira Park. The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities.


Events

Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the
Sibiu International Theatre Festival The Sibiu International Theatre Festival ( ro, Festivalul Internațional de Teatru de la Sibiu) is one of the most important theatre and performing arts festivals in the world, and the third biggest, after the Festival d'Avignon and the Edinburgh In ...
, organized each spring at the end of May. Medieval Festival organized every year in August, reviving the medieval spirit of Transylvania. The Artmania Festival is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin' Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6-day Open Air Music festival! 26–31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events.
Feeric Fashion Week Since 2008, Feeric Fashion Week has developed as an international fashion hub for designers coming from more than 20 countries and 4 continents. It is based in the city of Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, and it is covered by fashion press like ''V ...
is also hosted here. Sibiu was awarded by IGCAT (International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism) to be part of the
European Regions of Gastronomy European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to: In general * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe ** Ethnic groups in Europe Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthro ...
program, event that will promote in 2019 the region's culinary heritage, multi-ethnic traditions and multi-cultural community.


European Cultural Capital

The designation as a European Cultural Capital for 2007, owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg, but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the city during the last years. The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007.


Administration

The town government is headed by a mayor. Since 2014, the office is held by Astrid Fodor from the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR), who replaced
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (Romania), Na ...
, the latter having become the 5th president of Romania. Iohannis, a
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
, was mayor from 2000 to 2014, despite ethnic Germans nowadays making up less than 2% of Sibiu's population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (''consiliu local'') made up of 23 elected councillors. Sibiu is the capital of the Sibiu County.


City districts

Sibiu is divided into the following districts: * Historical center (divided into the Upper and Lower Town) * Center (south-west of the historical center) *
Broscărie Broscărie is a district located in the eastern part of Sibiu, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, ...
* Dumbrăvii *
Gușterița Gușterița (german: Hammersdorf, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Hammersterf'') is a district or neighbourhood of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt), Sibiu County (german: Kreis Hermannstadt), southern Transylvania (german: Siebenbürgen), Romania. History ...
(german: link=no, Hammersdorf) * Hipodrom I, II, III, IV *
Lazaret A lazaretto or lazaret (from it, lazzaretto a diminutive form of the Italian word for beggar cf. lazzaro) is a quarantine station for maritime travellers. Lazarets can be ships permanently at anchor, isolated islands, or mainland buildings. ...
* Lupeni * Piața Cluj (named after Cluj) * Reșița (named after Reșița) *
Ștrand Ștrand is a residential district of Sibiu, Romania, located in the western part of the city. The district is located around the swimming pool complex of the city, the name deriving from that fact. It is separated into two smaller neighborhoods: Ș ...
* Terezian * Tilișca * Tineretului *
Trei Stejari Trei Stejari ( en, Three Oaks) is a district near the center of Sibiu, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the ...
*
Turnișor Turnișor ( en, Little Tower, german: Neppendorf) is a residential district of Sibiu, Romania. It was previously a Saxon village on the outskirts of the city but over the course of several years it was integrated into the city, becoming a district. ...
(german: link=no, Neppendorf) *
Țiglari Țiglari is a district of Sibiu, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Uk ...
*
Valea Aurie Valea Aurie is a residential district of Sibiu, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the ...
*
Vasile Aaron Vasile Aaron (; 1770—1822) was an ethnic Romanian lawyer and poet who lived in the Austrian Empire. Born in Glogoveț, Alba County, he attended high school in Blaj, followed by Law studies in Cluj. Moving to Sibiu to work as a lawyer, ...
* Veteranilor de Război * Viile Sibiului Some of them were villages annexed by the city as it grew, others were built as the city developed and increased its surface. The
ASTRA National Museum Complex "ASTRA" National Museum Complex ( ro, Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA") is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority four ethnology and civilisation museums in the city, a series of laboratories for conservation ...
and the Zoo, located in the south, also fall within city limits. The
Păltiniș Păltiniş (german: Hohe Rinne; hu, Szebenjuharos) is a mountain resort in Transylvania, Romania, 35 km south-west from Sibiu in the Cindrel Mountains. It is situated at 1440 m altitude, being the highest resort in Romania. It lies in a c ...
ski resort, located 35 kilometres to the south, is also administered by Sibiu. While
Șelimbăr Șelimbăr (german: Schellenberg; hu, Sellenberk) is a commune in central Romania, in the county of Sibiu in Transylvania, to the east of the county seat Sibiu. The village of Șelimbăr has been known to exist since 1323 and is the site of the B ...
and the ''Arhitecților'' district of
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsb ...
are not part of Sibiu proper, they are adjacent to the city limits and often considered part of it.


Demographics

As of 2011 census data, Sibiu has a population of 147,245, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census, making it the 14th-largest
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in Romania. The ethnic breakdown was as follows: * Romanians 95.9% * Hungarians 1.6% * Germans ( Transylvanian Saxons) 1.1% *
Roma Roma or ROMA may refer to: Places Australia * Roma, Queensland, a town ** Roma Airport ** Roma Courthouse ** Electoral district of Roma, defunct ** Town of Roma, defunct town, now part of the Maranoa Regional Council *Roma Street, Brisbane, a ...
0.4% A 2017 estimate placed the population at 169,316, a 14.98 percent increase since 2011. This increase makes Sibiu's population surpass the numbers observed in 1992 when the previously highest population was recorded.


Population dynamics


Population by religious denomination

Today, most of the population is Romanian Orthodox. Protestants and Roman Catholics represent about 5% of the population.


Economy

Sibiu is an important economic hub for Romania, with a high rate of foreign investments. It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to ThyssenKrupp Bilstein-Compa, Takata Corporation, Continental Automotive Systems, Marquardt Group and NTN-SNR ball bearings. Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (
Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', '' ...
). The city also contained Romania's second-largest stock exchange, the
Sibiu Stock Exchange The Sibex-Sibiu Stock Exchange (''Sibex S.A.'' in Romanian) was a stock exchange and futures exchange in Romania that was the largest market for Futures and Options trading in Romania. It was established in 1994 and finally merged with the Bucha ...
which merged with the
Bucharest Stock Exchange The Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) (Romanian: ''Bursa de Valori București'') is the stock exchange of Romania located in Bucharest. In 2019, the capitalization of BVB increased 23.4% compared to the previous year, to the value of EUR 37.8 billion ...
in 2018. The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city: *East industrial zone (East Economic Center), alongside the railway to Brașov and Râmnicu Vâlcea *West industrial zone (West Economic Center), near the exit to
Sebeș Sebeș (; German: ''Mühlbach''; Hungarian: ''Szászsebes''; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Melnbach'') is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southern Transylvania. Geography The city lies in the Mureș River valley and straddles the rive ...
, close to the Airport A commercial zone located in the
Șelimbăr Șelimbăr (german: Schellenberg; hu, Sellenberk) is a commune in central Romania, in the county of Sibiu in Transylvania, to the east of the county seat Sibiu. The village of Șelimbăr has been known to exist since 1323 and is the site of the B ...
commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu. It houses a mall and other large retailers. Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism, which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007.


Transport

Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure. In 2010 a city bypass was opened, significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city.
Tursib Tursib is the local public transport operator in Sibiu, Romania, operating bus service. It also services outlying areas and villages. It is a joint-stock company created in 1998. Originally, Tursib's network also included trolleybuses and a sub ...
is the city's internal transportation system operator.


Air

Sibiu International Airport is one of the most modern international airports in Romania, with direct connections to Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.


Road

Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14. The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with
Pitești Pitești () is a city in Romania, located on the river Argeș. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated in the historical re ...
and the Romanian western border, near Arad. From the remaining of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac, a total of is completed and the last are currently under construction, while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 (construction will start no sooner than 2019). Sibiu' s
ring road A ring road (also known as circular road, beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop, bypass or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city, or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist i ...
as part of
A1 motorway A1, A-1, A01 or A.1. may refer to: Education * A1, the Basic Language Certificate of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages * Language A1, the former name for "Language A: literature", one of the IB Group 1 subjects * A1, a ...
was completed on 1 December 2010. Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib, based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania.


Rail

Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov – Făgăraș – Sibiu – Simeria – Arad – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu – Mediaș). The city is served by five rail stations: the Main Station (Gara Mare), the Little Station (''Gara Mică''), Turnișor, Sibiu Triaj, Halta Ateliere Zonă . It has an important diesel-powered locomotives depot and a freight terminal. Numerous Inter Regional trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Craiova, Timișoara and Bucharest.


Cycling

Over the last six years, Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling. The bicycle way in the city spans for 43 kilometers. Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I'Velo Bike Sharing group.


Health

Sibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania, housing many important medical facilities: * County Hospital * Academic Emergency Hospital; * Hospital of Pediatrics; * Military Emergency Hospital; * CFR Hospital (Romanian Railways Hospital); * "Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Psychiatry Hospital * other smaller private clinics The city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country, Polisano.


Education

Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 23,000 students in four public and private higher institutions. The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Language Sciences; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, there are 10 faculties and departments. Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities, ''Romanian-German University'' and ''Alma Mater University''. In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most important of which are: * Gheorghe Lazăr National College – sciences and informatics, first opened in 1692 as a
Jesuit College The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in the Catholic Church have founded and managed a number of educational institutions, including the notable secondary schools, colleges and universities listed here. Some of these universities are in the United Stat ...
*
Samuel von Brukenthal National College Samuel von Brukenthal National College (german: Samuel-von-Brukenthal-Gymnasium, ro, Colegiul Național „Samuel von Brukenthal”, hu, Samuel von Brukenthal Főgimnázium ) is a German-language high school founded in Nagyszeben, Transylvani ...
– German language high school * Octavian Goga National College – social sciences, sciences, informatics and linguistics *
Onisifor Ghibu Onisifor Ghibu (May 31, 1883 – October 3, 1972) was a Romanian teacher of pedagogy, member of the Romanian Academy, and politician. Biography Early life Born into a peasant family in Szelistye (now Săliște, Romania), near Nagyszeben (now Si ...
Theoretical Highschool – informatics, sciences, sports, theater and linguistics * Andrei Șaguna National College – training for school teacher and linguistics * Constantin Noica Theoretical Highschool – sciences and linguistics *Daniel Popovici Barcianu Highschool – agricultural sciences * George Baritiu National College – economic sciences * Nicolae Iorga Elementary school * Regina Maria Elementary school


Sports

The city houses a football stadium, a multi-functional arena building ( Sala Transilvania), a rugby court, a municipal pool and several private tennis courts. Also, several sports international competitions are taking place every year:
Sibiu Cycling Tour The Sibiu Cycling Tour (Cycling Tour of Sibiu until 2015) is a 2.1 category professional Road bicycle racing, bicycle road race held in Sibiu, Romania. Its first edition took place in July 2011, as part of the UCI Europe Tour. The race is organise ...
(in July),
Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye The Red Bull Romaniacs hard enduro rallye is a off road motorcycle race run annually in Sibiu, Romania. It was created in 2004 by founder Martin Freinademetz. The event takes place every year and attracts competitors from more than 52 + nations. The ...
(around July), Sibiu Open (formerly held in September), Sibiu Rally (currently held in October). Football Sibiu has had a long
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
tradition, starting in 1913 with the founding of
Șoimii Sibiu Șoimii Sibiu (Falcons Sibiu) was a football team from Sibiu. They were founded in 1913 and disappeared in 2001. They were a main team in Sibiu, being four times regional champions of Sibiu. Their best pre-war performance was defeating the 6-tim ...
, which was the launchpad of
Ilie Oană Ilie Oană (16 August 1918 – 27 April 1993) was a football player and manager who represented and coached the Romania national football team. Career Oană was born in Indiana Harbor to Romanian parents who emigrated from Transylvania before ...
's career, who later became a star of
FC Petrolul Ploiești Asociația Clubul Sportiv Petrolul 52, commonly known as Petrolul Ploiești () or simply as Petrolul, is a Romanian professional football club based in Ploiești, Prahova County, which competes in the Liga I. Founded in 1924 in capital Bucharest ...
. Later came Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu, a sport club of Sibiu's Transylvanian Saxon community, which's best performance was reaching the
Divizia A The Liga I (; ''First League''), also spelled as Liga 1, is a Romanian professional league for men's association football clubs. Currently sponsored by betting company Superbet, it is officially known as the SuperLiga. It is the country's top ...
final in the 1930–31 season. The best ever football team from Sibiu, based on performances, was
Inter Sibiu Fotbal Club Inter Stars 2020 Sibiu , commonly known as FC Inter Sibiu or Inter Sibiu (), is a Romanian amateur football team based in the city of Sibiu, Sibiu County, which competes in the Liga IV, the fourth tier of the Romanian league system. ...
, which had finished 4th after the 1990–91 season and had won the
Balkans Cup The Balkans Cup was an international football competition for clubs from Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. It was introduced in 1961 and was very popular in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42,000 spectators), being t ...
during the same season. During the 21st century, the city has been represented by FC Sibiu and Voința Sibiu (of which only the latter has reached Liga I). Currently,
FC Hermannstadt Asociația Fotbal Club Hermannstadt (), commonly known as FC Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt or familiarly as Sibiu (), is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt), Sibiu County, which currently competes ...
is the only major football team representing Sibiu. Basketball CSU Sibiu, one of the best Romanian basketball teams at the moment, represents Sibiu in the top tier of Romanian basketball, Liga Națională. Handball The city's
handball Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the g ...
team is called CSM Sibiu. Additionally, the nearby town of
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsb ...
has a women's team in the first league, CS Măgura. Rugby * CSM Sibiu Volleyball * CSM Sibiu (men) * CSS Sibiu (women) Speed Skating * CSS Sibiu


Natives

*
Michael Gottlieb Agnethler Michael Gottlieb Agnethler (10 June 1719 – 15 June 1752) was a German botanist and numismatist. Early life Michael Agnethler was born to an aristocratic Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Saxon family of Sibiu, Hermannstadt (now Sibiu, Romani ...
, botanist *
Alexandru Apolzan Alexandru Apolzan (6 February 1927 – 23 December 1982) was a Romanian footballer, who played as a defender, mainly for Steaua București and also for Romania. He has been credited with the invention of the sweeper role and is considered one ...
, football player *
Arthur Arz von Straussenburg Arthur is a common male given name of Brythonic origin. Its popularity derives from it being the name of the legendary hero King Arthur. The etymology is disputed. It may derive from the Celtic ''Artos'' meaning “Bear”. Another theory, more ...
, Austro-Hungarian general *
Florin Barbu Florin Barbu (born 6 April 1974 in Sibiu, Romania) is a bass player. Florin played in Romanian bands Arca, Timpuri Noi, Proconsul, Blazzaj, Partizan and Cargo. Florin Barbu was awarded with Cultural Merit Order, as Knight. In 2017 he became Hon ...
, bass player in Romanian bands Timpuri Noi and Proconsul * Claudiu Baștea, judoka * Ion Besoiu, Romanian actor * Miklós Borsos, Hungarian sculptor *
Dan Burincă Dan Burincă (born 17 June 1972 in Sibiu, Romania) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast who specialized in rings. He is a silver Olympic medalist and a multiple world medalist on rings. After retirement he coached at CSS Cetate Deva Romania an ...
, Olympic artistic gymnast *
Andrei Codrescu Andrei Codrescu (; born December 20, 1946) is a Romanian-born American poet, novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and commentator for National Public Radio. He is the winner of the Peabody Award for his film ''Road Scholar'' and the Ovid Prize for p ...
, American writer *
Sabina Cojocar Sabina Carolina Cojocar (born 23 October 1985) is a Romanian retired international elite artistic gymnast and singer. She became a world gold medalist with the Romanian women's gymnastics team in 2001 and is also a five-time medalist at the 2000 ...
, Romanian gymnast *
Alexandru Curtean Alexandru Paul Curtean (born 27 March 1987 in Sibiu) is a Romanian footballer who played as a midfielder. Personal life Born in Sibiu, Curtean was born into a sporting family. His father, Dan Curtean, was also a football player in the early 1 ...
, football player *
Florin Diacu Florin Nicolae Diacu (; April 24, 1959 – February 13, 2018) was a Romanian Canadian mathematician and author. Education and career He graduated with a Diploma in Mathematics from the University of Bucharest in 1983. Between 1983 and 1988 he w ...
, Romanian-Canadian mathematician * Steve Holmes, German pornographic actor * Victor Iliu, Romanian film director *
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (Romania), Na ...
, 5th President of Romania * Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general, see also
Siege of Przemyśl The siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege in Europe during the First World War. The siege was a crushing defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Army by the Russian Army. Przemyśl (german: Premissel) was a fortress-town and stronghold on the River San ...
*
Mircea Mureșan Mircea Mureșan (11 November 1928 – 24 April 2020) was a Romanian film director. He directed 22 films between 1961 and 2004. Mureșan won the prize for Best First Work at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival for the film '' Răscoala''. Born in ...
, Romanian film director * Alexandru Mușina, Romanian poet *
Steliana Nistor Steliana Nistor (born 15 September 1989) is a Romanian former artistic gymnast. She was a key member of the Romanian team between 2006 and 2008, where she helped the Romania win team bronze medals at the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 O ...
, Romanian gymnast *
Hermann Oberth Hermann Julius Oberth (; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Ts ...
, space flight technology pioneer *
Nicolaus Olahus Nicolaus Olahus (Latin for ''Nicholas, the Vlach''; hu, Oláh Miklós; ro, Nicolae Valahul); 10 January 1493 – 15 January 1568) was the Archdiocese of Esztergom, Archbishop of Esztergom, Prince primate, Primate of Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, ...
, Catholic archbishop of Esztergom * Valerian Onițiu, chess problemist * Oskar Pastior, poet and translator * Dan Perjovschi, Romanian artist *
Claudia Presecan Claudia may refer to: People Ancient Romans *Any woman from the Roman Claudia gens *Claudia (vestal), a Vestal Virgin who protected her father Appius Claudius Pulcher in 143 BC *Claudia Augusta (63–63 AD), infant daughter of Nero by his second ...
, Romanian gymnast *
Erna Rubinstein Erna Rubinstein (March 2, 1903–1966), born Ernesztina Rubinstein, was a Hungarian violinist. Early life Ernesztina Rubinstein was born in Sibiu in 1903. Her mother was a singer. She studied violin with József Füredi in Debrecen, and with J ...
, Hungarian violinist *
Iancu Sasul Iancu Sasul (''John the Saxon'') or Ioan Vodă V (''Voivode John V''; d. September 28, 1582 in Lviv) was the bastard son of Petru Rareş from his relationship with the wife of Braşov Transylvanian Saxon Iorg (Jürgen) Weiss, and Prince of Mol ...
, Moldavian ruler *
Tobias Stranover Tobias Stranover or Toby Stranovius (1684–1756) was a Transylvanian Saxon born painter (1684–after 1731). Stranover was born in Hermannstadt but travelled to Germany, the Netherlands, and England, where he stayed. He is registered in Hamburg, ...
, Transylvanian Saxon painter *
Jenő Szemák Jenő Szemák (4 February 1887 – 30 July 1971) was a Hungarian jurist, who served as President of the Curia Regia from 1944 to 1945. He finished his legal studies in Kolozsvár (today: ''Cluj-Napoca, Romania''). He taught at the Calvinist L ...
, Hungarian jurist *
Viorel Tilea Viorel Virgil Tilea C.B.E. (6 April 1896 – 20 September 1972) was a Romanian diplomat, most noted for his ambassadorship in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He died in London. During the Second World War, Tilea lived at Holton Pla ...
, Romanian diplomat *
Melania Ursu Melania Ursu (July 16, 1940 – January 12, 2016) was a Romanian stage and film actress. Born in Sibiu, she graduated from the Institute of Theatre and Film Arts (IATC) in 1961. Ursu performed at the Cluj-Napoca National Theatre. From 1977 to 1 ...
, stage and film actress * Radu Vasile, politician, Prime Minister of Romania *
Delia Velculescu Delia Velculescu (born in 1975) is a Romanian-American economist and the IMF mission chief in Greece during the Greek government debt crisis, before her replacement by Peter Dolman in 2018. She was born Delia Moraru in the city of Sibiu, in Transy ...
, Romanian-American economist * Adele Zay, Transylvanian-Saxon who established the kindergarten system in Hungary and then Romania


International relations


Twin towns

Sibiu has twinning agreements with: * Bauru, Brazil, since 1995. * Butuan, Philippines *
Columbia, Missouri Columbia is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri. Founded in 1821, it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area. It is Missouri's fourth ...
, USA, since 1994. *
Deventer Deventer (; Sallands: ) is a city and municipality in the Salland historical region of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. In 2020, Deventer had a population of 100,913. The city is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel, bu ...
, Netherlands, since 2007. Sibiu Town Hall Official Site
Acordul de infratire intre Sibiu si orasul Deventer din Olanda
, 23 May 2007 * Klagenfurt, Austria, since 1990. *
Landshut Landshut (; bar, Landshuad) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany. Situated on the banks of the River Isar, Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria, one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria. It is also t ...
, Germany, since 2002. * Marburg, Germany, since 2005. *
Mechelen Mechelen (; french: Malines ; traditional English name: MechlinMechelen has been known in English as ''Mechlin'', from where the adjective ''Mechlinian'' is derived. This name may still be used, especially in a traditional or historical contex ...
, Belgium, since 1996. *
Rennes Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department ...
, France, since 1999. * Valencia, Venezuela, since 1993. * Wirral, United Kingdom, since 1994. * Takayama, Gifu, Japan, since 2009. * Durham, North Carolina, United States, since 2019


Consulates

The following countries have consulates in Sibiu: * – Consulate-General * – Honorary consulate * – Honorary consulate * – Honorary consulate


Gallery

File:SibiuHermannstadtSchild.jpg, Bilingual Romanian-German sign at the entrance in Sibiu/Hermannstadt File:Piata Mica si Turnul Sfatului.jpg, Turnul Sfatului in Small Square File:The Small Square of Sibiu, during the closing gala - 2016.jpg, The Small Square of Sibiu, during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala - 2016 File:Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu.jpeg, The Large Square during Christmas File:Sibiu_Casa_Lutsch_(5).jpg,
Lutsch House german: (Das) Lutschhaus hu, Lutsch-ház , native_name_lang = ro , former_names = , alternate_names = , status = , image = Sibiu Casa Lutsch (5).jpg , image_alt = , image_size ...
, the headquarters of FDGR


See also

* List of castles in Romania *
Timeline of Sibiu The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania. Before the 17th century * Before 12th C. – Daco-Roman city called ''Cedonia'' * 12th C. – Area settled by Hermann of Nuremberg. * 1191 – Mentioned fo ...
* Tourism in Romania *
Seven Wonders of Romania Various lists of the Seven Wonders of Romania ( ro, Cele Șapte Minuni ale României) have been compiled from past to the present day, to catalogue Romania's most spectacular artificial structures. Lists ''Evenimentul Zilei''s Seven Wonders ...
* Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania


References


Bibliography


External links


Sibiu.ro: Official Sibiu Online website
— ''tourism and history information and images''.
Turism.sibiu.ro: Official Sibiu Tourism website

patrimoniu.sibiu.ro: Sibiu Heritage website

theFest.ro – Locuri si evenimente din Sibiu, Romania


— ''reference for surface area, population, etc. (2005)''.
Sibiupeople.ro: Restoration of Historical Monuments in Sibiu
—''photo gallery and projects' report''.
Official Sibiu European Cultural Capital 2007 website




* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120111141158/http://www.descopera.net/foto_sibiu.html Descopera.net: Sibiu in pictures
Pictures of Sibiu
{{Authority control Localities in Transylvania Capitals of Romanian counties Cities in Romania 1190 establishments in Europe German communities in Romania Capitals of the Principality of Transylvania Populated places established in the 12th century