Museo de América (Madrid) 03.jpg

The ' is an art, archaeology, and ethnography museum in Madrid, Spain, devoted to the whole of the Americas from the Paleolithic period to the present day. It is one of the National Museums of Spain and it is attached to the Ministry of Culture.

The museum was established by the Spanish State and its initial pieces came from the former collection of American archaeological and ethnographic artifacts from the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid and the Prado Museum, as well as exhibiting a number of unrelated donations, deposits and purchases. It has a major collection of 18th c. casta paintings, one by Miguel Cabrera, who created a set of 16 large format casta paintings. The museum's most famous painting is by Mexican artist, Luis de Mena, of the Virgin of Guadalupe and castas on a single canvas.

History

The Museo de América was founded in 1941, bringing together works that were in other repositories. Unfortunately, a fire at the Alcázar of Madrid in 1734 destroyed the American collections that the kings of Spain had been building, which included the pieces offered to the Crown by the conquistadors. There is evidence that only a small number of items were saved because they were found elsewhere, such as the codices and feather miters that are preserved in the Monastery of El Escorial and some Mexican codices that were in the Royal Library, now the National Library of Spain. Because of the fire and only scattered items from the early colonial era, the oldest collections in the Museum are those from the Royal Cabinet of Natural History, established by Charles III in 1771. These came largely from the donation of the collection that Pedro Franco Dávila had assembled during his stay of more than fourteen years in Paris. In order to increase the collection, this institution issued instructions to the territories of Spanish America for the collection and submission of representative works. These included items from the first archaeological excavations carried out in Spanish America. Ethnographic materials obtained in scientific and discovery expeditions were also incorporated into the Royal Cabinet.

In 1868 the collections of antiquities, art and ethnography of the Royal Cabinet (which in 1815 had been dissolved and integrated, along with other institutions, into the new Royal Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid, a direct predecessor of the current National Museum of Natural Sciences) were transferred to the National Archaeological Museum, created the previous year, to which were added those of the Museum of Medals and Antiquities of the National Library, which had some American items, those of the ''Escuela Superior Diplomática'' and those of the Royal Academy of History. From the Archaeological Museum, in turn, those of American origin (until then in Section IV or Ethnography) would be separated by the Decree of creation of the Museum of America, of April 19, 1941. The decree stated that "The initial collection will consist of the collections of American Ethnography and Archaeology existing in the National Archaeological Museum, with their books, display cases and furniture". Although the founding decree did not mention them, the collections of the Philippines and Oceania were also incorporated in the new museum, as well as a small African collection and about a hundred Sámi objects that had been donated to the MAN in 1896 by the Swedish engineer Åke Sjögren.

Once the new museum was created, the collection was provisionally installed in a wing of the main floor of the National Archeological Museum, and was inaugurated on July 13, 1944. There were only eleven rooms, seven dedicated to pre-Columbian collections and the other four to colonial-era collections. In 1962 the move to its final location began, in the Ciudad Universitaria. It was officially inaugurated three years later in 1965. The initial holdings were later moved to a newly built premises and the building was inaugurated on 12 October 1965. After a series of renovations of the building, which was previously shared with a number of unrelated institutions, The Museum was closed between 1981 and 1994 due to renovation work. the museum was reopened on 12 October 1994, this time exclusively occupying the entire building. As part of preparation for the re-opening, a collecting program was established, with artifacts from Spain's first Caribbean settlement on Hispaniola (modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic) found by anthropologist Soraya Aracena.It is classified as an Asset of Cultural Interest with the category of monument by virtue of Decree 474/1962, of 1 March (''Boletín Oficial del Estado'' of 9 March), by which certain museums were declared historic-artistic monuments.

Collection

The permanent exhibit is divided into five major thematic areas:
*''An awareness of the Americas''
*''The reality of the Americas''
*''Society''
*''Religion''
*''Communication''

File:Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg, Luis de Mena, Casta painting with the Virgin of Guadalupe, 1750
Image:Vasija mochica crustáceo (M. América Inv.1409) 01.jpg, Ceramic vessel representing a crustacean. Moche culture artwork from Peru.
Image:Moro_helmet,_Philippines_(M._América,_Madrid)_01.jpg, Bronze helmet of a 16th-century Spanish soldier.
Image:Vasija Chimú sexual (M. América, Madrid) 01.jpg, Chimú vessel showing a sexual act between men.
Image:Casco y collera de lobo tlingit (M. América, Madrid) 02.jpg, Helmet and collar made by the Tlingit people (late 18th century).
Image:Museo de América Quimbaya treasure 02.jpg, (200–1000 AD)
Image:La sevilla del sigloXVI.jpg, View of Seville, attributed to Alonso Sánchez Coello (late 16th century)
Image:Estela (47702715951).jpg, Maya (600–900 AD)
Image:Vasija que representa a un pescador tocando la flauta. Cultura Nazca (100 a. C.-700 d. C.). Museo de América.jpg, Nazca pot (1–600 AD)
Image:Facsímil Códice Tudela.JPG, Aztec Codex Tudela
File:Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas (Sánchez Galque).jpg, ''The Mulattos of Esmeraldas'', by Andrés Sánchez Gallque (Quito School), 1599 (depósito del Museo del Prado).
File:Conquista de México. Recibimiento de Moctezuma (Juan y Miguel González).jpg, ''Conquest of Mexico. Reception of Moctezuma by Mexicans in canoes'', ''enconchado'' painting Juan y Miguel González, Mexican School, 1698 (depósito del Prado).
File:De chino cambujo e india, loba.jpg, Escena de mestizaje ''( Casta painting)'': ''De chino cambujo e india, loba''. Miguel Cabrera, Mexican School, 1763.
File:Yapanga de Quito con traje que usa esta clase de mujeres que tratan de agradar 01.jpg, ''Yapanga of Quito with the dress that this class of women wore to please''. Lienzo de Vicente Albán de 1783, Quito School.

See also

* ''Museo Nacional de Antropología (Madrid)'', also featuring American pieces

References

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External links

''Northwest Coast art in the Museo de América''

Mesoamerican art museums
Americas
Pre-Columbian art museums
Americas
Americas
Art museums and galleries established in 1941
1941 establishments in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Madrid
Buildings and structures in Ciudad Universitaria neighborhood, Madrid

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