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Jambalaya ( , ) is a savory rice dish of mixed origins that developed in the U.S. state of Louisiana apparently with
African African or Africans may refer to: * Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa: ** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa *** Ethn ...
, Spanish, and
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
influences, consisting mainly of meat or seafood (or both), and vegetables mixed with rice and spices. West Africans and Spanish people each had versions of jambalaya in their respective countries. Historian Ibraham Seck states
Senegalese people This article is about the demographic features of the population of Senegal, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. About ...
were making jambalaya. The French introduced tomato to West Africans and they incorporated the crop into their one-pot rice dishes that created jambalaya and enhanced jollof rice. Spanish people made paella which is also a one-pot rice dish cooked with meats and vegetables. These styles of cuisines blended in Louisiana and resulted in cultural and regional variations of the dish.


Etymology

The '' Oxford English Dictionary'' indicates that comes from the
Provençal Provençal may refer to: *Of Provence, a region of France * Provençal dialect, a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the southeast of France *''Provençal'', meaning the whole Occitan language *Franco-Provençal language, a distinct Roman ...
word , meaning a mish mash, or mixup, and also meaning a
pilaf Pilaf ( US spelling) or pilau ( UK spelling) is a rice dish, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat, and employing some techniq ...
(pilau) of rice. This is supported by the fact that the first printed appearance of the word is in a Provençal poem published in 1837. A
folk etymology Folk etymology (also known as popular etymology, analogical reformation, reanalysis, morphological reanalysis or etymological reinterpretation) is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more famili ...
of the word suggests that it is the fusion of two Spanish words: ("ham") + (a rice dish). However, the evidence for this idea is thin. Ham is not a featured element of the dish, and Spanish speakers would call a ham paella , not . Another history, per Louisiana chef John Folse, author of ''The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine'' (2004), is that ''jambalaya'' is a contraction of ''jambon à la yaya'', meaning "ham with rice", from
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
''jambon'' and
Yoruba The Yoruba people (, , ) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute ...
''yaya''.


Origins

Jambalaya is a Creole/Cajun-American dish that originated in Africa and Europe and was brought to Louisiana during the colonial period. These two cuisines blended in Louisiana; but also resulted in cultural and regional variations in how the dish is prepared. There are a number of dishes with disparate origins that use some of the same ingredients. In West Africa there is a rice dish called " jollof rice" that according to researcher Kayla Stewart apparently developed from ''thiéboudienne'', a Senegalese dish made of red rice, fish, cassava, and carrots. Author Kelley Fanto Deetz also suggests jambalaya has roots in jollof rice. In the records of slave narratives, formerly enslaved Black Americans made jambalaya. Historians who researched the records of slave narratives say they point to a possible Caribbean and African origin of the dish. According to a Smithsonian Institution folklife article, jambalaya is a syncretic blend of West African, French, and Spanish influences. The territory of Louisiana was colonized by the French and Spanish during the colonial period and imported enslaved West Africans who had knowledge of rice cultivation. It is prepared and eaten in African-American, Cajun, and Creole communities. There are variations of how the dish is prepared within each community. According to author James McCann, jambalaya has Creole, Cajun, West African, and Caribbean roots. In West Africa a dish similar to jambalaya is called ''dafa'', which means to "cook everything". In West African cuisine, meat, fish and shellfish are all cooked in the same pot with rice to absorb juices from meats. According to the ''Encyclopedia of African American History,'' the spicy flavor and heat of the dish points to a West African influence. The West Africans imported to Louisiana came from
Senegambia The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...
which was a rice growing region. West Africans today still add spicy seasonings to their one-pot rice cooked meals. According to research from Taharka Adé, an associate professor in the Department of Africana Studies at San Diego State University, the French introduced the tomato (a food native to the
Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...
) to Senegambians and
Akan people The Akan () people live primarily in present-day Ghana and Ivory Coast in West Africa. The Akan language (also known as ''Twi/Fante'') are a group of dialects within the Central Tano branch of the Potou–Tano subfamily of the Niger–Congo ...
in the rice growing regions of West Africa and through this interaction West Africans enhanced a dish called ''Jollof''. Within the very same time frame a mix of west African people (which included Senegambians and Akan) living in southern Louisiana, and particularly New Orleans, created another rice and tomato based dish known as Jambalaya, denoting a shared relationship and underpinning West African influence on the creation of Jambalaya. Author Ibraham Seck, director of research at the Whitney Plantation Slave Museum in St. John the Baptist Parish, suggests jambalaya originated on the
Senegalese Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
coast of West Africa. Senegalese people had knowledge of rice cultivation and created dishes using rice and meats that were brought to Louisiana during the era of the slave trade. About sixty percent of enslaved captives brought to Louisiana came from
Senegambia The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...
. An article from the United Nations states that the cuisines of Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea, and Benin influenced the development of jambalaya: "Jambalaya (mixed rice, meat and vegetables), feijoada (black beans and meat), gombo(okra), and hopping johns (peas) are all dishes that have been re-adapted from Senegal, Nigeria, Guinea and Benin. You will find variations of these dishes in America and the Caribbean region." Historian Karen Hess states jambalaya has French and Spanish influences. The French influence is from the dish pilau which is cooked with rice and seasoning. However, French pilau does not add seafood and meat which is typically done in Spanish Valencian paella, West African, and Caribbean cuisines.


History

The history of Jambalaya points to a West African influence. Rice was and is a traditional staple in West Africa, where one-pot mixed rice dishes such as ''thiéboudienne'', ''benachin'' or Jollof rice were common. In the records of slave narratives, formerly enslaved African Americans from Louisiana made jambalaya as a meal with rice, pork or chicken, red pepper, onion,
lard Lard is a semi-solid white fat product obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of a pig.Lard
entry in the o ...
, salt and pepper. Black Americans adapted West African dishes in the Southern United States by using North American ingredients. These meals were prepared to survive during the era of slavery. There is some folklore that claims jambalaya originates from the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the original sector Some culinary scholars argue that it may have been a local version of the Spanish rice dish paella French influence was strong in New Orleans, and native spices from Louisiana, the Gulf Coast and the
Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
may have changed this pilaf or paella into a unique New World dish. As author and professor Judith Carney explains: "...jambalaya resulted from cooking raw rice in the broth of stew composed of ingredients from many cultural heritages."


Ingredients

Traditionally, the meat includes sausage of some sort, often a smoked meat such as
andouille Andouille ( , ; ; from Latin'induco') is a smoked sausage made using pork, originating in France. France In France, particularly Brittany and Normandy, the traditional ingredients of andouille are primarily pig chitterlings, tripe, onions, w ...
, along with pork, chicken or seafood (less common), such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually a
sofrito (Spanish, ), (Catalan), (Italian, ), or (Portuguese, ) is a basic preparation in Mediterranean, Latin American, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese cooking. It typically consists of aromatic ingredients cut into small pieces and sautéed or ...
-like mixture known as the " trinity" in Creole and Cajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery, and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, corn, chilis and garlic are also used. After browning and sauteing the meat and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings and broth, and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.


Similar dishes

Jambalaya is similar to (but distinct from) other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine such as gumbo and étouffée. Gumbo uses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings. However, gumbo usually (though not always) includes filé powder or okra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also usually served over white rice, which is prepared separately from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya, where the rice is prepared with the other ingredients.
Étouffée Étouffée or etouffee (, ) is a dish found in both Cajun and Creole cuisine typically served with shellfish over rice. The dish employs a technique known as smothering, a popular method of cooking in the Cajun and Creole areas of southwest Lo ...
is a stew that always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crawfish but does not have the sausage common to jambalaya and gumbo. Also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice.


Cultural and regional variations

There are two primary methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence of tomatoes.


African-American variation

In narratives told by enslaved Black people, their ancestors made jambalaya. According to some historians, jambalaya was prepared and eaten in West Africa using tomatoes introduced to West Africans by the French. Rice dishes with meats and vegetables cooked in one pot with spices is a common meal in West Africa. During the slave trade, about sixty percent of enslaved people brought to Louisiana were
Senegalese Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
. They brought
Senegalese cuisine The cuisine of Senegal is a West African cuisine influenced by North African, French, and Portuguese cuisine and derives from the nation's many ethnic groups, the largest being the Wolof. Islam, which first penetrated the region in the 11th ...
to Louisiana which already had a version of jambalaya. Jambalaya in Louisiana's Black communities incorporates tomatoes, and meats. In rural south Louisiana, jambalaya is brown from absorbing the sauce it is cooked in, as it is traditionally cooked in cast-iron pots, which reach high cooking temperatures, "resulting in a more complete caramelization of the natural sugars in meats and vegetables". Enslaved Africans served this dish to their French and Spanish slaveholders, resulting in a fusion of the dish as Spanish people had a dish similar to jambalaya called paella. Jollof rice from West African cuisine influenced the jambalaya made in African-American communities. A modern variation of jambalaya was documented in an African-American cookbook. This jambalaya dish used ham and sausage, tomatoes and tomato sauce, and was seasoned with spices and bell pepper and other ingredients cooked in a pot.


Cajun

The second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, is Cajun jambalaya, which contains no tomatoes (the idea being the farther away from New Orleans one gets, the less common tomatoes are in dishes). The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot. The bits of meat that stick to the bottom of the pot ( sucs) are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A little vegetable oil is added if there is not enough fat in the pot. The trinity (of 50%
onions An onion (''Allium cepa'' L., from Latin ''cepa'' meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus ''Allium''. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion ...
, 25% celery, and 25% green or red
bell pepper The bell pepper (also known as paprika, sweet pepper, pepper, or capsicum ) is the fruit of plants in the Grossum Group of the species ''Capsicum annuum''. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange ...
, although proportions can be altered to suit one's taste) is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked. In some Cajun kitchens, jambalaya is made with seasoned sausage or ham, rice, parsley, stock and spices and put in a pot and cooked with rice until done, and sometimes prepared with cooked rice.


Creole

The first is Creole jambalaya (also called "red jambalaya") because it is made with tomatoes. First, meat is added to the trinity of celery, peppers, and onions; the meat is usually chicken and sausage such as
andouille Andouille ( , ; ; from Latin'induco') is a smoked sausage made using pork, originating in France. France In France, particularly Brittany and Normandy, the traditional ingredients of andouille are primarily pig chitterlings, tripe, onions, w ...
or smoked sausage. Next, vegetables and tomatoes, which are added to cook, followed by
seafood Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus an ...
. Rice and
stock In finance, stock (also capital stock) consists of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided.Longman Business English Dictionary: "stock - ''especially AmE'' one of the shares into which ownership of a company ...
are added in equal proportions at the very end. The mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the cooking process, stirring usually ceases. Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients. In some Creole kitchens, jambalaya is made with smoked chaudin (ponce) and in Cajun kitchens is made with
crawfish Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the clade Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. In some locations, they are also known as crawfish, craydids, crawdaddies, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, rock lobsters, mu ...
. Some cooks note the regional variations of jambalaya. Authors Abby Fisher and Karen Hess stated Creole New Orleans jambalaya is "soupy." While other variations of jambalaya are dry.


New Orleans style vs Acadiana style

In modern Louisiana, the dish has evolved along a variety of different lines. New Orleans style jambalaya, called "red jambalaya" in Acadiana, is found primarily in and around New Orleans, where it is known simply as "jambalaya". It is called red jambalaya because it is made with tomatoes. New Orleans style jambalaya includes tomatoes, whereas Acadiana style jambalaya usually does not. Acadiana style jambalaya originates from Louisiana's rural, low-lying
swamp A swamp is a forested wetland.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in ...
country where
crawfish Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the clade Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. In some locations, they are also known as crawfish, craydids, crawdaddies, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, rock lobsters, mu ...
,
shrimp Shrimp are crustaceans (a form of shellfish) with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata of the decapod order, although some crustaceans outside of this order are refer ...
, oysters, alligator, duck, turtle, boar, venison, nutria and other
game A game is a structured form of play (activity), play, usually undertaken for enjoyment, entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator s ...
were readily available. Any variety or combination of meats, including chicken or turkey, may be used to make jambalaya. Acadiana style jambalaya is known as "brown jambalaya" in the Greater New Orleans area (except for the lower Westbank where it can be found among some families); to folks from Acadiana it is simply known as "jambalaya".


Southern Louisiana variation

Many people in the south, and typically in Louisiana, enjoy a simpler jambalaya style. This style is cooked the same as the Cajun style, but there are no vegetables. Many restaurants serve this style as opposed to the others, because it is more child-friendly, has a more consistent texture, and is easier to make. Jambalaya is considered by most Louisianans to be a filling but simple-to-prepare rice dish; gumbos, étouffées, and creoles are considered more difficult to perfect. Most often a long grain white rice is used in making jambalaya. Jambalaya is differentiated from gumbo and étouffée by the way in which the rice is included. In these dishes, the rice is cooked separately and is served as a bed on which the main dish is served. In the usual method of preparing jambalaya, a rich stock is created from vegetables, meat and seafood; raw rice is then added to the broth and the flavor is absorbed by the grains as the rice cooks.


Other methods of preparation

In a less common method, meats and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat and vegetables before serving. This is called "white jambalaya". This dish is rare in Louisiana as it is seen as a "quick" attempt to make jambalaya, popularized outside the state to shorten cooking time.


Cultural relevance


Jambalaya in print

The first appearance in print of any variant of the word 'jambalaya' in any language occurred in ''Leis amours de Vanus; vo, Lou paysan oou théâtré'', by Fortuné (Fortunat) Chailan, first published in
Provençal dialect Provençal (, , ; french: provençal , ; oc, provençau or ) is a Romance language, either considered as a variety of Occitan or a separate language, spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme. Historically, the term Provençal has been ...
in 1837. The earliest appearance of the word in print in English occurs in the May 1849 issue of the ''American Agriculturalist'', page 161, where
Solon Robinson Solon Robinson (October 21, 1803 â€“ November 3, 1880) was a writer, journalist, agriculturist, and pioneer. He wrote for the ''New York Tribune'' and '' American Agriculturist'' and published several books including ''Hot Corn'', a bestselle ...
refers to a recipe for "Hopping Johnny (jambalaya)", however he made a mistake in identifying jambalaya as "Hopping Johnny", which is an entirely different dish with different origins and different birth state. Jambalaya did not appear in a cookbook until 1878, when the ''
Gulf City Cook Book A gulf is a large inlet from the ocean into the landmass, typically with a narrower opening than a bay, but that is not observable in all geographic areas so named. The term gulf was traditionally used for large highly-indented navigable bodies ...
'', by the ladies of the St. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church, was printed in South
Mobile, Alabama Mobile ( , ) is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population within the city limits was 187,041 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, down from 195,111 at the 2010 United States census, 2010 cens ...
. It contains a recipe for "JAM BOLAYA". Jambalaya had a brief jump in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s because of its flexible recipe. The dish was little more than the rice and vegetables the populace could afford; the recipe grew from humble roots.


Jambalaya capital of the world

In 1968, Louisiana Governor
John J. McKeithen John Julian McKeithen (May 28, 1918 – June 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 49th governor of Louisiana from 1964 to 1972. Early life McKeithen was born in Grayson, Louisiana on May 28, 1918. His father was a ...
proclaimed Gonzales, Louisiana, "the Jambalaya capital of the world". Every spring, the annual
Jambalaya Festival Jambalaya ( , ) is an American Creole and Cajun rice dish of French (especially Provençal cuisine), African, and Spanish influence, consisting mainly of meat and vegetables mixed with rice. Ingredients Traditionally, the meat includes sau ...
is held in Gonzales.


See also

*
List of regional dishes of the United States The cuisine of the United States includes many regional or local dishes, side dishes and foods. This list includes dishes and foods that are associated with specific regions of the United States. __TOC__ Regional dishes of the United States ...
*
List of rice dishes This is a list of rice dishes from all over the world, arranged alphabetically. Rice is the seed of the monocot plants ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple fo ...


References


External links


Jambalaya: history, origins and etymology

400 Years After the Slave Trade Began, Tracing the Roots of Jambalaya to Jollof
from 15 Years Civil Eats
The Plant-Based Food from Africa and Slavery That We Eat Today
from Plants Rule {{Rice dishes American stews American rice dishes Cajun cuisine Cuisine of New Orleans Louisiana cuisine Articles containing video clips Wild game dishes Sausage dishes Seafood and rice dishes African-American cuisine