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Cieszyn ( , ; cs, Těšín ; german: Teschen; la, Tessin; szl, Ćeszyn) is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River, and the administrative seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship. The town has 33,500 inhabitants (as of December 2021), and lies opposite Český Těšín in the Czech Republic. Both towns belong to the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia, and formerly as one town composed the capital of the Duchy of Cieszyn.
The town is situated on the Olza (river), Olza river, a tributary of the Oder River, which forms the border with the Czech Republic. It is located within the western Silesian Foothills north of the Silesian Beskids and Mt. Czantoria Wielka, a popular ski resort. Cieszyn is the heart of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia, the southeasternmost part of Upper Silesia. Until the end of World War I in 1918 it was a seat of the Duchy of Teschen, Dukes of Teschen.
In 1920 Cieszyn Silesia was divided between the two newly created states of Second Polish Republic, Poland and First Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovakia, with the smaller western suburbs of Teschen becoming part of Czechoslovakia as a new town called Český Těšín. The larger part of the town joined Poland as Cieszyn. Three bridges connect the Twin cities (geographical proximity), twin towns. After Poland and the Czech Republic joined the European Union and its passport-free Schengen zone, border controls were abolished and residents of both the Polish and Czech part could move freely across the border. The combined population of Polish and Czech parts of the city is 61,201 inhabitants. Cieszyn is the southern terminus of the Polish National road 1 (Poland), National road 1 leading to Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast.
The town combines both Polish and Austria-Hungary, Old–Austrian peculiarities in the style of its buildings. Because of several major fires and subsequent reconstructions (the last one in the late 18th century), the picturesque old town is sometimes called ''Little Vienna''. The only relic of the ancient castle is a square tower, dating from the 14th century and 11th century Romanesque architecture, romanesque chapel.
The area has been populated by West Slavs, West Slavic peoples since at least the 7th century. According to legend, in 810 three sons of a prince – Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a long pilgrimage, found a spring, and decided to found a new settlement. They called it Cieszyn, from the words ''cieszym się'' ("I'm happy"). This well can be found at ''ulica Trzech Braci'' ("Three Brothers Street"), just west of the town square.
The town was the capital of the Duchy of Teschen since 1290, which was ruled by Piast dynasty until 1653 and by the Habsburg Dynasty of Austria until 1918. It was in Teschen that Maria Theresa of Austria, Maria Theresa and Friedrich II of Prussia, Frederick II on in May 1779 signed the Treaty of Teschen, Teschen Peace Treaty, which put an end to the War of the Bavarian Succession. In the 19th century Teschen was known for its ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, containing mostly German, Polish, Jewish and Czech communities. There was also a small Hungarian people, Hungarian community in the town consisting mostly of officers and clerks.
The town was divided in July 1920, by the Spa Conference of 1920, Spa Conference, a body formed by the Versailles Treaty, leaving a Polish minority on the Czechoslovak side. Its smaller western suburbs became what is now the town of Český Těšín in the Czech Republic. During the interwar period two villages were merged into Cieszyn: Błogocice, Cieszyn, Błogocice in 1923 and Bobrek, Cieszyn, Bobrek in 1932. After 1920 many ethnic Germans left the town, while many Poles from the Czechoslovakian part of the region moved in. According to the Polish census of 1921, Cieszyn had 15,268 inhabitants, of whom 9,241 (60.5%) were Poles, 4,777 (31.2%) were Germans, 1014 (6.6%) were Jews, and 195 (1.3%) were Czechs. The census from 1931 indicated 14,707 inhabitants, of whom 12,145 (82.7%) were Poles, while the rest consisted mostly of Germans and Jews (in 1937 estimated to be 12 and 8% respectively).
Cieszyn and Český Těšín were merged again in October 1938 when Poland annexed the Zaolzie area together with Český Těšín. In 1939 Cieszyn Silesia was occupied by German forces and during World War II it was part of Nazi Germany. Almost the entire Jewish community was murdered by the Nazis.
After World War II, the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia was restored to that of 1920. Most Germans Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50), fled or were expelled and were replaced with Poles expelled from the Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Signs of the former German presence in the town were removed by a special committee.
On 19 July 1970, five firefighters from Cieszyn died when a bridge they were on fell into the Olza River, due to heavy flooding. In 1977, Boguszowice, Cieszyn, Boguszowice, Gułdowy, Kalembice, Krasna, Cieszyn, Krasna, Mnisztwo, Pastwiska, Cieszyn, Pastwiska were amalgamated with Cieszyn and Marklowice, Cieszyn, Marklowice.
Since the 18th century Cieszyn Silesia has been an important centre of Polish Protestantism when the Jesus Church (Cieszyn), Jesus Church was built as the only one in Upper Silesia. Currently, Cieszyn is also the site of the Cieszyn Summer Film Festival, one of the most influential film festivals in Poland. There is also an earlier established Czech-Polish-Slovak film festival.
* Romanesque St. Nicholas' Chapel (''Kaplica św. Mikołaja'', a rotunda (architecture), rotunda from the 11th century)
* Remnants of the Piast dynasty castle
** Piast Castle Tower (''Wieża Piastowska'', mostly 14th century)
** Gothic architecture, Gothic St. Mary Magdalene Church (''Kościół Marii Magdaleny'', 13th century)
* Old Town Square (''Rynek'')
** bourgeoisie houses (15th–19th centuries)
** The Town Hall in Cieszyn, Town Hall (''Ratusz'', early 19th century)
* Former minting house (18th century)
* Lutheran Jesus Church, Cieszyn, Church of Jesus (18th century)
* Museum of Cieszyn Silesia in the former Larisch family palace (''Pałac Laryszów'', ''Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego'', the first museum in Poland)
* Cieszyn Brewery, Castle Brewery (''Browar Zamkowy'', 1846)
* Habsburg Palace in Cieszyn
* Bonifraters Monastery (18th century)
* The protestant Jesus Church (Cieszyn), Church of Jesus (''Kościół Jezusowy''), with a baroque tower and statues of the Four Evangelists above the altar that liven up the plain interior.
File:Cieszyn Rynek2.jpg, Town Hall at the Cieszyn Market Square
File:Cieszyn Buildings 39.jpg, Townhouses in Cieszyn
File:2012 Powiat cieszyński, Cieszyn, Góra Zamkowa, Rotunda św. Mikołaja 02.jpg, Rotunda from circa 1180 / St. Nicholas Church
File:Ciesz wieza 361.jpg, 14th century Piast tower
File:Teschen-figura.jpg, Statue of Saint Florian
File:Cieszyn 01.jpg, Monastery, church, and hospital of the Sisters of Saint Elizabeth
File:Cieszyn sw Marii Magdaleny od pd wsch.jpg, Mary Magdalene Dominican Church, begun in late 13th century
File:Pałac Myśliwski Habsburgów w Cieszynie 1.JPG, Habsburg Palace in Cieszyn, Hunting Palace of the Habsburgs and monument commemorating Silesian legionnaries fallen for Poland
File:Kamienica Mieszkalna.DanielG44K.jpg, Hotel on the town square
File:Cieszyn 57.jpg, Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland, Evangelical Protestant Jesus Church, Cieszyn, Church of Jesus, begun in 1710
File:Brama cmentarza komunalnego w Cieszynie1.JPG, Communal Cemetery in Cieszyn
File:Pałac Larischów w Cieszynie 1.JPG, Museum of the Cieszyn Silesia
Museum of Cieszyn Silesia
(Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego)
Jewish Community in Cieszyn
on Virtual Shtetl {{Authority control Cieszyn, Czech Republic–Poland border crossings Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939) Divided cities
Geography
The town is situated on the Olza (river), Olza river, a tributary of the Oder River, which forms the border with the Czech Republic. It is located within the western Silesian Foothills north of the Silesian Beskids and Mt. Czantoria Wielka, a popular ski resort. Cieszyn is the heart of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia, the southeasternmost part of Upper Silesia. Until the end of World War I in 1918 it was a seat of the Duchy of Teschen, Dukes of Teschen.
In 1920 Cieszyn Silesia was divided between the two newly created states of Second Polish Republic, Poland and First Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovakia, with the smaller western suburbs of Teschen becoming part of Czechoslovakia as a new town called Český Těšín. The larger part of the town joined Poland as Cieszyn. Three bridges connect the Twin cities (geographical proximity), twin towns. After Poland and the Czech Republic joined the European Union and its passport-free Schengen zone, border controls were abolished and residents of both the Polish and Czech part could move freely across the border. The combined population of Polish and Czech parts of the city is 61,201 inhabitants. Cieszyn is the southern terminus of the Polish National road 1 (Poland), National road 1 leading to Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast.
The town combines both Polish and Austria-Hungary, Old–Austrian peculiarities in the style of its buildings. Because of several major fires and subsequent reconstructions (the last one in the late 18th century), the picturesque old town is sometimes called ''Little Vienna''. The only relic of the ancient castle is a square tower, dating from the 14th century and 11th century Romanesque architecture, romanesque chapel.
History
The area has been populated by West Slavs, West Slavic peoples since at least the 7th century. According to legend, in 810 three sons of a prince – Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a long pilgrimage, found a spring, and decided to found a new settlement. They called it Cieszyn, from the words ''cieszym się'' ("I'm happy"). This well can be found at ''ulica Trzech Braci'' ("Three Brothers Street"), just west of the town square.
The town was the capital of the Duchy of Teschen since 1290, which was ruled by Piast dynasty until 1653 and by the Habsburg Dynasty of Austria until 1918. It was in Teschen that Maria Theresa of Austria, Maria Theresa and Friedrich II of Prussia, Frederick II on in May 1779 signed the Treaty of Teschen, Teschen Peace Treaty, which put an end to the War of the Bavarian Succession. In the 19th century Teschen was known for its ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, containing mostly German, Polish, Jewish and Czech communities. There was also a small Hungarian people, Hungarian community in the town consisting mostly of officers and clerks.
The town was divided in July 1920, by the Spa Conference of 1920, Spa Conference, a body formed by the Versailles Treaty, leaving a Polish minority on the Czechoslovak side. Its smaller western suburbs became what is now the town of Český Těšín in the Czech Republic. During the interwar period two villages were merged into Cieszyn: Błogocice, Cieszyn, Błogocice in 1923 and Bobrek, Cieszyn, Bobrek in 1932. After 1920 many ethnic Germans left the town, while many Poles from the Czechoslovakian part of the region moved in. According to the Polish census of 1921, Cieszyn had 15,268 inhabitants, of whom 9,241 (60.5%) were Poles, 4,777 (31.2%) were Germans, 1014 (6.6%) were Jews, and 195 (1.3%) were Czechs. The census from 1931 indicated 14,707 inhabitants, of whom 12,145 (82.7%) were Poles, while the rest consisted mostly of Germans and Jews (in 1937 estimated to be 12 and 8% respectively).
Cieszyn and Český Těšín were merged again in October 1938 when Poland annexed the Zaolzie area together with Český Těšín. In 1939 Cieszyn Silesia was occupied by German forces and during World War II it was part of Nazi Germany. Almost the entire Jewish community was murdered by the Nazis.
After World War II, the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia was restored to that of 1920. Most Germans Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50), fled or were expelled and were replaced with Poles expelled from the Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Signs of the former German presence in the town were removed by a special committee.
On 19 July 1970, five firefighters from Cieszyn died when a bridge they were on fell into the Olza River, due to heavy flooding. In 1977, Boguszowice, Cieszyn, Boguszowice, Gułdowy, Kalembice, Krasna, Cieszyn, Krasna, Mnisztwo, Pastwiska, Cieszyn, Pastwiska were amalgamated with Cieszyn and Marklowice, Cieszyn, Marklowice.
Culture
Since the 18th century Cieszyn Silesia has been an important centre of Polish Protestantism when the Jesus Church (Cieszyn), Jesus Church was built as the only one in Upper Silesia. Currently, Cieszyn is also the site of the Cieszyn Summer Film Festival, one of the most influential film festivals in Poland. There is also an earlier established Czech-Polish-Slovak film festival.
Industry
Cieszyn is an important centre of the electromechanical industry. It is also the site of the ''Olza Cieszyn'' sweets factory (where the famous Prince Polo wafer (cooking), wafers are made) and the Cieszyn Brewery, Brackie Browar, where Żywiec (beer), Żywiec Porter is brewed. The main source of income for many citizens is trade with the nearby Czech Republic and retail trade associated with transit across the two bridges over the Olza River, Olza to Český Těšín. In the past, the city was home to many furniture factories.Sites of interest
* Romanesque St. Nicholas' Chapel (''Kaplica św. Mikołaja'', a rotunda (architecture), rotunda from the 11th century)
* Remnants of the Piast dynasty castle
** Piast Castle Tower (''Wieża Piastowska'', mostly 14th century)
** Gothic architecture, Gothic St. Mary Magdalene Church (''Kościół Marii Magdaleny'', 13th century)
* Old Town Square (''Rynek'')
** bourgeoisie houses (15th–19th centuries)
** The Town Hall in Cieszyn, Town Hall (''Ratusz'', early 19th century)
* Former minting house (18th century)
* Lutheran Jesus Church, Cieszyn, Church of Jesus (18th century)
* Museum of Cieszyn Silesia in the former Larisch family palace (''Pałac Laryszów'', ''Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego'', the first museum in Poland)
* Cieszyn Brewery, Castle Brewery (''Browar Zamkowy'', 1846)
* Habsburg Palace in Cieszyn
* Bonifraters Monastery (18th century)
* The protestant Jesus Church (Cieszyn), Church of Jesus (''Kościół Jezusowy''), with a baroque tower and statues of the Four Evangelists above the altar that liven up the plain interior.
Notable people
*Jiří Třanovský (1592–1637), theologian and composer *Adam Christian Agricola (1593–1645), evangelical preacher *Carl Friedrich Kotschy (1789–1856), botanist and theologian *Friedrich Uhl (journalist), Friedrich Uhl (1825–1906), journalist, writer *Rudolf Ramek (1881–1941), Austrian politician, Chancellor of Austria * (1887–1915), Polish writer *Hermann Heller (legal scholar), Hermann Heller (1891–1933), jurist *Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944), Jewish musician *Max Rostal (1905–1991), violinist and educator *Herbert Czaja (1914–1997), German politician (Christian Democratic Union (Germany), CDU) *Richard Pipes (1923–2018), Polish-American historian, Harvard University Professor * (born 1943), German sculptor, professor *Jadwiga Smykowska (1945–2017), artist *Karol Semik (born 1953), teacher and educator *Beata Nowok (born 1978), statistician and researcher *Magdalena Gwizdoń (born 1979), biathlete *Ireneusz Jeleń (born 1981), footballer *Tomisław Tajner (born 1983), ski jumper *Jan Błachowicz (born 1983), mixed martial artist and former Ultimate Fighting Championship, UFC Light Heavyweight Champion *Piotr Żyła (born 1987), ski jumper, world championTwin towns – sister cities
Cieszyn is Sister city, twinned with: * Balchik, Bulgaria * Cambrai, France * Český Těšín, Czech Republic * Genk, Belgium * Puck, Poland, Puck, Poland * Rožňava, Slovakia * Teuva, FinlandGallery
References
Further reading
* * * *External links
*Museum of Cieszyn Silesia
(Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego)
Jewish Community in Cieszyn
on Virtual Shtetl {{Authority control Cieszyn, Czech Republic–Poland border crossings Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939) Divided cities