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A ''chawan'' (; literally "tea bowl") is a bowl used for preparing and drinking tea. Many types of ''chawan'' are used in East Asian
tea ceremonies An East Asian tea ceremony, or ''Chádào'' (), or ''Dado'' ( ko, 다도 (茶道)), is a ceremonially ritualized form of making tea (茶 ''cha'') practiced in East Asia by the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. The tea ceremony (), literally transla ...
. The choice of their use depends upon many considerations.


History

The ''chawan'' originated in China. The earliest ''chawan'' in
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
were imported from China between the 13th and the 16th centuries. The '' Jian chawan'', a Chinese tea bowl known as '' Tenmoku chawan'' in Japan, was the preferred tea bowl for the Japanese tea ceremony until the 16th century. In Japan, tea was also mainly drunk from this Chinese variety of tea bowls until about the 15th century. The Japanese term ''tenmoku'' is derived from the name of the Tianmu Mountain, where Japanese priests acquired these tea bowls from Chinese temples to bring back to Japan, according to tradition. An 11th-century resident of Fujian wrote about the Jian tea wares: : By the end of the
Kamakura period The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle betwee ...
(1185–1333), as the custom of tea drinking spread throughout Japan and the ''Tenmoku chawan'' became desired by all ranks of society, the Japanese began to make their own copies in Seto (in present-day
Aichi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectur ...
). Although the ''Tenmoku chawan'' was derived from the original Chinese that came in various colors, shapes, and designs, the Japanese particularly liked the bowls with a tapered shape, so most Seto-made ''Tenmoku chawan'' had this shape. With the rise of the ''wabi'' tea ceremony in the late Muromachi period (1336–1573), the ''Ido chawan'', a variety of Korean bowls mainly used for rice in Korea, also became highly prized in Japan. Korean bowls were a favourite of tea master Sen no Rikyū because of their rough simplicity.Sadler, A.L. ''Cha-No-Yu: The Japanese Tea Ceremony.'' Tokyo: Tuttle, 1962, 67. Over time and with the development of the Japanese tea ceremony as a distinct form, local ceramics became more highly priced and developed. Around the Edo period, the ''chawan'' was often made in Japan. The most esteemed pieces for a tea ceremony ''chawan'' are raku ware, Hagi ware, and
Karatsu ware is a style of Japanese pottery produced traditionally in and around Karatsu, Saga Prefecture. History Karatsu has been a hub of foreign commerce and trade since ancient times, and a center of pottery production since the Azuchi-Momoyama perio ...
. A saying in the tea ceremony schools for the preferred types of ''chawan'' relates: "Raku first, Hagi second, Karatsu third." Another ''chawan'' type that became slightly popular during the Edo period from abroad was the ''Annan'' ware from Vietnam ( Annam), which were originally used there as rice bowls. Annan ware is blue and white, with a high foot.


Usage

A cloth called '' chakin'' is used to wipe the bowl clean.


Types

Japanese ''chawan'' have various shapes and types, many of which have specific names: * * * * * * * * * * * * – formerly imported from the Korean port of Komogai/ (now part of Jinhae) * * * * * * * * * * * File:Hon'ami Koetsu Fujisan 1.jpg, White raku teabowl ''Fuji-san'' (
Mount Fuji , or Fugaku, located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, with a summit elevation of . It is the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest p ...
) by Honami Kōetsu, Edo period, 17th century
National Treasure The idea of national treasure, like national epics and national anthems, is part of the language of romantic nationalism, which arose in the late 18th century and 19th centuries. Nationalism is an ideology that supports the nation as the fundame ...
File:Hagi Ido teskål - chawan. Tamamura Shogetsu.jpg, Hagi ware bowl File:Black Raku Tea Bowl.jpg, Black raku bowl used for thick tea, Azuchi-Momoyama period, 16th century File:Shino teskål - chawan.jpg, Shino ware tea bowl


See also

*
List of Japanese tea ceremony utensils are the tools and utensils used in , the art of Japanese tea. Tea utensils can be divided into five major categories: * * * * * A wide range of utensils, known collectively as , is necessary for even the most basic tea ceremony. Genera ...
* ''
Yunomi A ''yunomi'' (Japanese: 湯のみ) is a tall form of a Japanese teacup, typically made from a ceramic material and having no handle. Description Yunomi teacups are tall with a trimmed or turned foot it. Because the cup heats up quickly, it is ...
'', teacups used in Japan for everyday use


References


External links


JNT, Joy of the Noble Teacup: International Chawan Exhibition

Official page of an international traveling chawan Exhibition A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
from the Metropolitan Museum of Art {{Authority control Chinese pottery Food preparation utensils Japanese tea utensils Teaware Pottery shapes