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''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family
Boreidae Boreidae, commonly called snow scorpionflies, or in the British Isles, snow fleas (no relation to the snow flea ''Hypogastrura nivicola'') are a very small family of scorpionflies, containing only around 30 species, all of which are boreal or hi ...
. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true
scorpionflies Mecoptera (from the Greek language, Greek: ''mecos'' = "long", ''ptera'' = "wings") is an Order (biology), order of insects in the superorder Endopterygota with about six hundred species in nine Family (biology), families worldwide. Mecopterans ...
and preference for cold habitats.


Description and distribution

Species of ''Boreus'' are dark in color, 3 to 5 mm long, and have reduced, non-functional wings. In males, the wings resemble straps, while in females they are short stubs. Females also have a pointed
ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...
. Both sexes have an elongated head, or rostrum. Larvae are grublike, mostly hairless and lacking prolegs. They have a holarctic distribution and are found in
boreal Boreal may refer to: Climatology and geography *Boreal (age), the first climatic phase of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of northern Europe, during the Holocene epoch *Boreal climate, a climate characterized by long winters and short, cool to mild ...
and high altitude habitats.


Biology

''Boreus'' species are highly adapted to cold environments and often found on the surface of snow. Although they cannot fly, they have the ability to hop or jump. All species are known to feed on
mosses Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and horn ...
, both as adults and larvae. Males use their hardened wing straps to grasp the female and lift her above their back during mating.


Species

These 27 species belong to the genus ''Boreus'': * ''
Boreus beybienkoi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Tarbinsky, 1962 i c g * ''
Boreus bomari ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Byers and Shaw, 2000 i c g * ''
Boreus borealis ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Banks, 1923 i c g * '' Boreus brumalis'' Fitch, 1847 i c g b (mid-winter boreus) * ''
Boreus californicus ''Boreus californicus'' is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae Boreidae, commonly called snow scorpionflies, or in the British Isles, snow fleas (no relation to the snow flea ''Hypogastrura nivicola'') are a very small family ...
'' Packard, 1870 i c g b * ''
Boreus chagzhigireji ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Pliginsky, 1914 i c g * ''
Boreus coloradensis ''Boreus coloradensis'' is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae. It is found in North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered t ...
'' Byers, 1955 i c g b * ''
Boreus elegans ''Boreus elegans'' is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae Boreidae, commonly called snow scorpionflies, or in the British Isles, snow fleas (no relation to the snow flea '' Hypogastrura nivicola'') are a very small family of ...
'' Carpenter, 1935 i c g b * ''
Boreus hyemalis ''Boreus hyemalis'' (Syn.: ''Boreus hiemalis'') is an insect, 3 to 4.5 millimetres long from the family of ''Boreidae''. Its common name is snow flea. It has stubby, grey-brown wings with a metallic sheen. Snow fleas crawl or hop over the snow ...
'' (Linnaeus, 1767) i c g * '' Boreus insulanus'' Blades, 2002 i c g b * ''
Boreus intermedius ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Lloyd, 1934 i c g * ''
Boreus jacutensis ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Plutenko, 1984 i c g * ''
Boreus jezoensis ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Hori and Morimoto, 1996 i c g * ''
Boreus kratochvili ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Mayer, 1938 i c g * ''
Boreus lokayi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Klapálek, 1901 i c g * ''
Boreus navasi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Pliginsky, 1914 i c g * ''
Boreus nivoriundus ''Boreus nivoriundus'', known generally as the snow-born boreus or snow scorpionfly, is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae Boreidae, commonly called snow scorpionflies, or in the British Isles, snow fleas (no relation to the ...
'' Fitch, 1847 i c g b (snow-born boreus) * ''
Boreus nix ''Boreus nix'' is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae Boreidae, commonly called snow scorpionflies, or in the British Isles, snow fleas (no relation to the snow flea '' Hypogastrura nivicola'') are a very small family of scor ...
'' Carpenter, 1935 i c g b * ''
Boreus orientalis ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Martynova, 1954 i c g * ''
Boreus pilosus ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Carpenter, 1935 i c g * ''
Boreus reductus ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Carpenter, 1933 i c g * ''
Boreus semenovi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribu ...
'' Pliginsky, 1930 i c g * '' Boreus sjostedti'' Navás, 1926 i c g * ''
Boreus tardokijanensis ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Plutenko, 1985 i c g * ''
Boreus unicolor ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Hine g * ''
Boreus vlasovi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Martynova, 1954 i c g * ''
Boreus westwoodi ''Boreus'' is the most diverse of three genera of insects in the family Boreidae. They are commonly known as winter scorpionflies due to their close relation to the true scorpionflies and preference for cold habitats. Description and distribut ...
'' Hagen, 1866 i c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net


References


External links

* Photos a
Bugguide
* DNA barcodes a
BOLD
{{Taxonbar, from=Q893511 Snow scorpionflies