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The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, Assiniboines / Assiniboins when plural; Ojibwe: ''Asiniibwaan'', "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the
endonym An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, ...
Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern
Great Plains The Great Plains (french: Grandes Plaines), sometimes simply "the Plains", is a broad expanse of flatland in North America. It is located west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, an ...
of North America. Today, they are centred in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the Iron Confederacy with the
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by 19th-century artists such as Karl Bodmer and George Catlin.


Names

The Europeans and Americans adopted names that other tribes used for the Assiniboine; they did not until later learn the tribe's autonym, their name for themselves. In Siouan, they traditionally called themselves the . With the widespread adoption of English, however, many now use the name that became common in English. The English adopted ''Assiniboine,'' used by the
Canadian French Canadian French (french: français canadien) is the French language as it is spoken in Canada. It includes Varieties of French#Canada, multiple varieties, the most prominent of which is Quebec French, Québécois (Quebec French). Formerly ''Can ...
colonists. It was a transliteration into French phonetics of what they heard the Ojibwe use as a term for these western people. The Ojibwe name is (stone Sioux). In
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
they are called ( ''noun animate singular'', ''noun animate plural''). In the same way, ''Assnipwan'' comes from the word in the western
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
dialects, from ''noun animate'' 'rock, stone' and ''noun animate'' 'enemy, Sioux'. Early French-speaking traders in the west were often familiar with Algonquian languages. They transliterated many Cree or Ojibwe exonyms for other
western Canadian The Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary ...
indigenous peoples during the early colonial era. English speakers referred to the Assiniboine by adopting terms from French spelled using English phonetics. The word ''Assiniboine'' has its origin as follows: They are an offspring of the Sioux. In the war of 1812 a number of these Sioux fought against a number of Chippewas, and took a good many of the latter prisoners. They tied these prisoners to a stake upon a large rock and burned them to death. Since that time they have been called Assini Boines, which, in the Chippewa language, means burnt rock. Other tribes associated "stone" with the Assiniboine because they primarily cooked with heated stones. They dropped hot stones into water to heat it to boiling for cooking meat. Some writers believed that the name was derived from the Ojibway term , stone, and the French , to boil, but such an etymology is very unlikely.


Language

Assiniboine is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, in the Western Siouan language family. In the early 21st century, about 150 people speak the language and most are more than 40 years old. The majority of the Assiniboine today speak only
American English American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the Languages of the United States, most widely spoken lan ...
. The 2000 census showed 3,946 tribal members who lived in the United States. Assiniboine are closely linked by language to the
Stoney Stoney may refer to: Places * Stoney, Kansas, an unincorporated community in the United States * Stoney Creek (disambiguation) * Stoney Pond, a man-made lake located by Bucks Corners, New York * Stoney (lunar crater) * Stoney (Martian crater) A ...
First Nations people of Alberta. The latter two tribes speak varieties of Nakota, a distant, but not mutually intelligible, variant of the
Sioux language Sioux is a Siouan language spoken by over 30,000 Sioux in the United States and Canada, making it the fifth most spoken indigenous language in the United States or Canada, behind Navajo, Cree, Inuit languages, and Ojibwe. Regional variation Si ...
.


History


Early history

The Assiniboine, along with the
Stoney Stoney may refer to: Places * Stoney, Kansas, an unincorporated community in the United States * Stoney Creek (disambiguation) * Stoney Pond, a man-made lake located by Bucks Corners, New York * Stoney (lunar crater) * Stoney (Martian crater) A ...
of Alberta, share a common ancestry with the
Sioux The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin (; Dakota language, Dakota: Help:IPA, /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/) are groups of Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribes and First Nations in Canada, First Nations peoples in North America. The ...
nation. While it was formerly believed that the Assiniboine originated among the Yanktonai division of the Dakota Sioux, linguistic analysis indicates that the Assiniboine and Stoney together form a group coordinate with that of the Santee, Lakota, and Yankon-Yanktonai, and that they are no more related to one of these subdivisions than another. The separation of the Assiniboine from the Sioux must have occurred at some time prior to 1640, as
Paul Le Jeune Paul Le Jeune (1591–1664) was a French Jesuit missionary in New France. He served as the Superior of the Jesuits in the French colony of Canada from 1632 to 1639. During his tenure, he began a mission at Trois-Rivières, founded the community ...
names them along with the "Naduessi" (Sioux) in his Jesuit Relations of that year. The Assiniboine and Sioux were both gradually pushed westward onto the plains from the woodlands of Minnesota by the Ojibwe, who had acquired firearms from their French allies. Later, the Assiniboine acquired horses via raiding and trading with neighboring tribes of
Plains Indians Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of N ...
such as the Crow and the Sioux on their south. The Assiniboine eventually developed into a large and powerful people with a horse and warrior culture; they used the horse to hunt the vast numbers of bison that lived within and outside their territory. At the height of their power, the Assiniboine dominated territory ranging from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the south, and including portions of modern-day Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba, Canada; and North Dakota and Montana, United States of America.


Contact with Europeans and fur trade

The first person of European descent to describe the Assiniboine was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company named Henry Kelsey in the 1690s. Later explorers and traders Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and his sons (1730s), Anthony Henday (1754–55), and
Alexander Henry the younger Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants li ...
(1800s) confirmed that the Assiniboine held a vast territory across the northern plains, including into the United States (which achieved independence in 1776 but did not acquire the plains until 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase from France.) The Assiniboine became reliable and important trading partners and middlemen for fur traders and other Indians, particularly the British Hudson's Bay Company and
North West Company The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in what is present-day Western Canada and Northwestern Ontario. With great weal ...
, operating in western Canada in a vast area known then as Rupert's Land. During the later 18th century and early 19th century, south of the border in what became Montana and the Dakota territories, the Assiniboine traded with the
American Fur Company The American Fur Company (AFC) was founded in 1808, by John Jacob Astor, a German immigrant to the United States. During the 18th century, furs had become a major commodity in Europe, and North America became a major supplier. Several British co ...
and the competing Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The Assiniboine obtained guns, ammunition, metal tomahawks, metal pots, wool blankets, wool coats, wool leggings, and glass beads, as well as other goods from the fur traders in exchange for furs. Beaver furs and bison hides were the most commonly traded furs. Increased contact with Europeans resulted in Native Americans contracting Eurasian infectious diseases that were endemic among the Europeans. They suffered epidemics with high mortality, most notably smallpox among the Assiniboine. The Assiniboine population crashed from around 10,000 people in the late 18th century to around 2600 by 1890. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was mounted by the United States in 1804–1806 to explore the Louisiana Territory, newly acquired from France. The expedition's journals mention the Assiniboine, whom the party heard about while returning from Fort Clatsop down the Missouri River. These explorers did not encounter or come in direct contact with the tribe. Noted European and American painters traveled with traders, explorers, and expeditions for the opportunity to paint the West and its Native American peoples. Among those who encountered and painted the Assiniboine from life were painters Karl Bodmer, Paul Kane, and George Catlin. The Assiniboine signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851). In 1885, some Assiniboine scouts aided the Canadian North West Field Force track down Cree renegades who were participating in the Second Riel Rebellion of
Métis The Métis ( ; Canadian ) are Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States. They have a shared history and culture which derives ...
.


Interactions with other tribes

In 1857, a group of Sioux warriors, including
Sitting Bull Sitting Bull ( lkt, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ; December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock I ...
, attacked an Assiniboine camp, they had killed all except an 11-year-old boy who was still fighting against the raiders with his child-sized bow. Some Sioux warriors threatened to kill him, but before they could, he turned to Sitting Bull and wrapped his arms around his waist and said "please brother don't kill me!" Sitting Bull stopped his warriors and said, "This boy is too brave to die! I take him as my brother." While living with the Lakota they gave him the name Little Assiniboine and later changed it to Stays Back, because of his unwillingness to return to the Assiniboine. Sitting Bull later changed it to Jumping Bull after his father, who had been dealing with a toothache throughout the day when a war party of Crows attacked them, jumped on his horse chasing after the raiders and was killed by a Crow Chief. Sitting Bull was not in camp and upon his return learned of his fathers fate. In his anger he went after the Crows and killed their Chief, when he returned he pointed at Stays Back and said "from now on your name is Jumping Bull!" Jumping Bull stayed loyal to Sitting Bull and later died alongside him at Standing Rock in 1890 while attempting to defend him.


Iron Confederacy

The Assiniboine were a major part of an alliance of northern Plains Indian nations known as the Iron Confederacy, or , as it is known in
Plains Cree Plains Cree may refer to: * Plains Cree language * Plains Cree people Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically liv ...
, beginning prior to 1692 until the late nineteenth century. The Iron Confederacy were allies in the fur trade, particularly with the Hudson's Bay Company. The Assiniboine and the Cree () being important intermediaries in the Great Plains trading networks. Members included the Assiniboine,
Stoney Stoney may refer to: Places * Stoney, Kansas, an unincorporated community in the United States * Stoney Creek (disambiguation) * Stoney Pond, a man-made lake located by Bucks Corners, New York * Stoney (lunar crater) * Stoney (Martian crater) A ...
( or ), the Plains and Woodland Cree, Saulteaux (called ), as well as
Métis The Métis ( ; Canadian ) are Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States. They have a shared history and culture which derives ...
(), and individual Iroquois people who traveled west as employees for the fur traders. Loosely associated for military shelter against the Blackfoot and to ensure safe access to the prairies for the bison hunt were
Plateau tribes Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia ...
such as Bitterroot Salish (Flathead) (), Kutenai, Sekani, Secwepemc, and Nez Perce (). Other Indian peoples on the northern plains, such as the Gros Ventre (), were occasionally part of the confederacy. The confederacy became the dominant force on the northern plains. It posed a major threat to Indian nations not associated with it, such as the
Shoshone The Shoshone or Shoshoni ( or ) are a Native American tribe with four large cultural/linguistic divisions: * Eastern Shoshone: Wyoming * Northern Shoshone: southern Idaho * Western Shoshone: Nevada, northern Utah * Goshute: western Utah, easter ...
() and Crow ( or = "enemies") further south. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were their former trading partner the Blackfoot Confederacy ( = Blackfeet or = "enemies"). The kindred Sioux peoples () and their allies, the Arapaho () and Cheyenne (), were also enemies. The Iron Confederacy also attacked European-American settlements on the Plains. The eventual decline of the fur trade and overhunting of the bison herds by Canadian and American hunters, which destroyed the Confederacy nations' most important food source, led to the defeat and breaking up of the confederacy. It engaged in military action with Canada during the
North-West Rebellion The North-West Rebellion (french: Rébellion du Nord-Ouest), also known as the North-West Resistance, was a resistance by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of S ...
.


Traditional lifestyle

Traditionally the Assiniboine were semi- nomadic people. During the warmer months, they followed and hunted the herds of plains bison. Women, as life-givers, have had primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families (and future of the tribe). Women usually gathered and cultivated plants, used plants and herbs to treat illnesses, cared for the young and the elderly, made all the clothing and instruments, and processed and cured meat and skins from the game. The women processed and preserved the meat for winter, and used hides, tendons, and horns for clothing, bedding, tools, cord and other items. Every part of the animal was used by the people. The men hunted, traded and made war on horseback using bow and arrows. The tribe is known for its excellent horsemanship. They first obtained horses by trading with the Blackfeet and the Gros Ventre tribes. Assiniboine, Stoney (as well as Lakota and Dakota) girls were encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Though fighting in war has mostly been left to the boys and men, occasionally women have fought as well – both in battles and in defense of the home – especially if the tribe was severely threatened. They worked with the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes. The Sun god and Thunder god were considered the most important manifestations of the Great Spirit. The Assiniboine people participated in the sun dance like other Plains Native peoples. They also took guidance from personal visions in vision quests. The ("Assiniboine Nation"), was historically divided into up to 40 separate ( bands), each of which was led by its own ( tribal chief) and an advisory band council - the so-called ("little chiefs"). Other important personalities were the (war chief), who led the warriors in war, and the ( medicine man), who acted both as a religious leader and traditional healer. War deeds, important news, and decisions by the band council were announced by the (camp crier), the (soldier; camp watcher) acted as "police" and were responsible for maintaining order in the camp, on the hunt and at wartime. The individual bands were again divided into several (local groups), which consisted of one or more extended families. The smallest social unit was the (
nuclear family A nuclear family, elementary family, cereal-packet family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of parents and their children (one or more), typically living in one home residence. It is in contrast to a single-parent family, the larger ...
), which usually lived in one ( tipi) or two neighboring tipis. As a patrilineal tribe hereditary leadership passes through the male line, and children are considered to belong to the father and his
clan A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clans may claim descent from founding member or apical ancestor. Clans, in indigenous societies, tend to be endogamous, meaning ...
.


Mythology

The figure of Iktome from the Assiniboine
creation myth A creation myth (or cosmogonic myth) is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it., "Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Creation myths develop ...
is one of the most famous creator-trickster characters of Native American mythology. In the myth Ikotme sends some animals searching to find land beneath the depths of the primeval sea. This is an "earth-diver" style of creation myth resembling similar stories of the Anishinabe and Ojibwe peoples. The only animal who succeeds is the muskrat who floats to the surface dead. Ikotme uses the earth the muskrat was clutching in his dead hands to create land. Unlike other creators, Ikotme is amoral. Ikotme kills a frog who challenges his plans to create an endless winter but eventually yields and shortens the length to seven months. He creates horses and humans out of dirt and teaches the Assinibone how to steal horses. Some of the elements in modern versions of the myth include elements that are later additions such as the presence of horses which were introduced to North America by the Spanish.


Subgroups and bands

* Aegitina ('Camp Moves to the Kill') * Bizebina, Bízebina ('Gophers' or ' Gopher People') * Cepahubi ('Large Organs') * Canhdada, Cantidada, Cąȟtáda ('Moldy People', lived along the North Saskatchewan River around Battleford (''Ogíciza Wakpá'') and North Battleford – known as "The Battlefords" – as neighbors of the ''Waziyamwincasta Band'', this territory was contested ground and the area between the North Saskatchewan River and
Battle River Battle River is a river in central Alberta and western Saskatchewan. It is a major tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. The Battle River flows for and has a total drainage area of . The mean discharge is 10 m³/s at its mouth. His ...
(the name derives from the war fought between the Iron Confederacy and the Blackfoot Confederacy) was the limit of the warring tribal alliances; political once part of the ''Upstream People'' of Plains Cree – today known as ''Battleford Stoneys'' part of the '' Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations'') * Canhewincasta, Cą́ȟe wįcášta, Chan He Winchasta ('Wooded-Mountain People' or 'Wood Mountain People' – 'People Who live around Wood Mountain', lived around today's Wood Mountain and in the adjoining
Big Muddy Badlands The Big Muddy Badlands are a series of badlands in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana in the Big Muddy Valley and along Big Muddy Creek. Big Muddy Valley is a cleft of erosion and sandstone that is long, wide, and deep. Big Muddy V ...
to the southeast in southern Saskatchewan and northern Montana; close allies to the ''Insaombi (Cypress Hills Assiniboine) band'', in which territory they had their winter camps. They were once politically part of the "Downstream People" of Plains Cree and close allies of the Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs; today they are part of the ''
Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation Carry the Kettle Nakoda Nation ( asb, Ceġa'kin Nakoṫa Oyáṫe hay-gah-keen oya-day "Carries the kettle", also known as Assiniboine First Nation or Assiniboine 76) is a Nakota (Assiniboine) First Nation located about east of Regina, Saskatc ...
.'' The bands of chief Manitupotis (also known as ''Wankanto'' –
Little Soldier Little Soldier was the head chief of the Yankton Dakota. He was a member of a delegation that signed a treaty with the United States government on June 22, 1825. He signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. He also t ...
) and Hunkajuka (''Hum-ja-jin-sin, Inihan Kinyen'' –
Little Chief Little is a synonym for small size and may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Little'' (album), 1990 debut album of Vic Chesnutt * ''Little'' (film), 2019 American comedy film *The Littles, a series of children's novels by American author John P ...
), together about 300 people with about 50 warriors, on June 1, 1873, were victims of the
Cypress Hills massacre The Cypress Hills MassacreThe Cypress Hills Massacre
at
Wolfers to take revenge for horse-stealing Cree in Montana. This massacre led to the development of the
North-West Mounted Police The North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was a Canadian para-military police force, established in 1873, to maintain order in the new Canadian North-West Territories (NWT) following the 1870 transfer of Rupert’s Land and North-Western Territory ...
(NWMP), later known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). * Canknuhabi ('Ones That Carry Their Wood'), Cątų́wąbi ('Forest Villagers, Wood Villagers') * Cantonga, Chan Tonga Nakoda, also Swampy Ground Assiniboine, Grand River Assiniboine (called by their Cree allies ''Saka Pwat-sak'' (Assiniboines of the woods), traded together with the allied and kin ''Beaver Hills Cree'' beim HBC-Handelsposten Fort Edmonton (former: ''Edmonton House'' or ''Fort-des-Prairies'') at the North Saskatchewan River in Central Alberta, and after displacing the rival and enemy Sarcee they took over together with their Cree allies the buffalo hunting grounds around Beaverhill Lake (Cree: ''amisk-wa-chi-sakhahigan''; Assiniboine: ''Chaba Imne'', both: "Beaver Lake") and in the Beaver Hills (Cree: ''Amiskwaciy'', Assiniboine: ''Chaba He(i)'', both: "Beaver Hills"), they developed since mid 18th century a separate identity as Wood Stoney-Nakoda; They were once politically as Nakoda part of the ''Beaver Hills Cree'' of the "Upstream People" of Plains Cree and close allies of the Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs; today part of the Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation and Paul First Nation. * Hudesabina, Húdešana, Hudesanak ('Red Bottom' or 'Red Root', split off from the ''Wadopabina Band'' in 1844, lived between the Porcupine Creek and Milk River (Asą́bi wakpá, Wakpá jukʾána) area in northern Montana and southern Alberta, Canada. Today they are an Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the federally recognized Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes. * Hebina, Ye Xa Yabine ('Rock Mountain People', often called Strong Wood Assiniboine or Thickwood Assiniboine, separated from the main body of the Assiniboine in the mid-18th century and moved further west and northwest deep into the forests and Rocky Mountains (In-yan-he-Tonga, į́yąȟetąga – ′great mountains′) to escape smallpox. Because they stayed isolated, they developed a separate identity as Mountain Stoney-Nakoda. Today they are part of the Stoney ''Nakoda First Nation'' (Wesley First Nation, Chiniki First Nation, Bearspaw First Nation); some also reside together with other Assiniboine / Nakoda bands in the federally recognized
Fort Belknap Indian Community The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ( ...
. Some are part of the ''Aseniwuche Winewak Nation'' from Canada, which is not recognized by the government as a band. * Hen atonwaabina ('Little Rock Mountain People', lived in the
Little Rocky Mountains The Little Rocky Mountains, also known as the Little Rockies, are a group of buttes, roughly 765 km2 in area, located towards the southern end of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation in Blaine County and Phillips County in north-central M ...
(or Little Rockies, į́yąȟe widána, į́yąȟewida; today: į́yąȟejusina) and the adjoining Plains in the Northeast of Montana; once political part of the ''Downstream People'' of Plains Cree and close allies of the ''Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs'' – today part of the ''
Fort Belknap Indian Community The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ( ...
'') * Huhumasmibi, Huhumasmlbi ('Bone Cleaners') * Huhuganebabi ('Bone Chippers') * Indogahwincasta ('East People') * Inninaonbi, Ini'na u'mbi ('Quiet People') * Insaombi, įšná ųbísʾa, Icna'umbisa ('The Ones Who Stay Alone', lived in Cypress Hills and adjoining Plains in southern Saskatchewan, Canada; they were also known as the Cypress Hills Assiniboine. They were close allies of the ''Canhewincasta'' band, which often wintered in the Cypress Hills. Today they are part of
Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation Carry the Kettle Nakoda Nation ( asb, Ceġa'kin Nakoṫa Oyáṫe hay-gah-keen oya-day "Carries the kettle", also known as Assiniboine First Nation or Assiniboine 76) is a Nakota (Assiniboine) First Nation located about east of Regina, Saskatc ...
. * Inyantonwanbina, Iyethkabi, Îyârhe Nakodabi, auch Mountain Village Band ('Stone / Rock People', 'Mountain People.' At the end of the 18th century they had retreated deep into the Rocky Mountains (''In-yan-he-Tonga, į́yąȟetąga'' – ′great mountains′) and developed a separate identity as
Nakoda (Stoney) The Nakoda (also known as Stoney or ) are an Indigenous people in Western Canada and, originally, the United States. They used to inhabit large parts of what is now Alberta, Saskatchewan and Montana, but their reserves are now located in Albe ...
(į́yąȟe wįcášta). Today they are one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the federally recognized Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes. * Minisose Swnkeebi, Miníšoše Sunkcebi ('Missouri River Dog Band', lived between the Milk River and the Poplar River toward the Missouri River (Miníšoše) in the border region of Montana, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Today they are one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the federally recognized Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes. * Minisatonwanbi, Miníšatonwanbi ('Red Water People'), lived along the Red River of the North in the vicinity of today's Winnipeg toward the south banks of Lake Winnipeg and
Lake Manitoba Lake Manitoba (french: Lac Manitoba) is the List of lakes of Canada, 14th largest lake in Canada and the List of lakes by area, 33rd largest lake in the world with a total area of . It is located within the Provinces and territories of Canada, Cana ...
in southern Manitoba * Osnibi, Osníbina ('People of the Cold', one band of ''Woodland Assiniboine'' from the North, where the weather is cold. * Ptegabina, Psamnéwi, PwSymAWock ('Swamp People') * Sahiyaiyeskabi, šahíya iyéskabina ('
Plains Cree Plains Cree may refer to: * Plains Cree language * Plains Cree people Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically liv ...
-Speakers', also known as Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs, built up from a number of bands of Plains Cree and Assiniboine. They were later joined by Plains Ojibwe (Salteaux). They had in common living and traveling in ethnically mixed bands and camps; they had switched to speaking Plains Cree instead of their former mother tongue. They were politically part of the ''Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs'', part of the ''Downstream People'' of Plains Cree. Today they are part of ''Little Black Bear First Nation'', ''Piapot First Nation'' in Canada, and of the federally recognized Landless Cree of the Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes and Landless Cree and Rocky Boy Cree of the Fort Belknap Indian Community in the United States. They identify today as
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
. * Sihabi, Sihábi ('Foot People', also known as Foot Assiniboine, developed a separate identity as Wood Stoney-Nakoda – some as Mountain Stoney-Nakoda; as Wood Stoney-Nakoda once political part of the ''Beaver Hills Cree'' of the ''Upstream People'' of Plains Cree. Today they are known as the ''
Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation The Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation ( sto, Cade Wicashdabi) no. 437 is a Nakoda First Nation which reserves near Edmonton, Hinton, and Whitecourt, in the Canadian province of Alberta, and headquartered at 54° N and 114°, about west of Edmonton. T ...
'' and '' Paul First Nation.'' As Mountain Stoney-Nakoda, they were part of the ''Rocky / Mountain Cree'' of Plains Cree. Today this is Wesley First Nation under Stoney Nakoda First Nation. * Snugabi ('Contrary People') * Sunkcebi, šųkcébina ('Dog Band', 'Dog Penis Band'; Cree-name: ''Atimotakayuk'' - 'Dog Penis Assiniboine', so called because of their ardor for women; once political part of the ''Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree'' of Plains Cree. Today they are part of ''White Bear First Nation''; some are part of ''
Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation Carry the Kettle Nakoda Nation ( asb, Ceġa'kin Nakoṫa Oyáṫe hay-gah-keen oya-day "Carries the kettle", also known as Assiniboine First Nation or Assiniboine 76) is a Nakota (Assiniboine) First Nation located about east of Regina, Saskatc ...
'') * Tanidabi, Tanį́debina, Tanin'tabin ('Buffalo Hip') * Tokanbi, Toką́kna, Tokaribi ('Strangers') * Tanzinapebina, Taminapebina ('Owners of Sharp Knives') * Unskaha ('Roamers') * Wadopabina, Wadópana (Canoe'' Paddlers'), the Cree called them ''Pimiskau Wi Iniwak'' – 'paddling Assiniboines', therefore in English often called Canoe Assiniboine, Paddling Assiniboine. Today one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the '' Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes'') * Wadopahnatonwan, Wadópaȟna Tųwą, Wado Pahanda Tonwan (Canoe'' Paddlers Who Live on the Prairie', split from the ''Wadopabina band'' to roam the plains, the European traders called them Watopachnato – Big Devils, because they were known as cunning traders and great warriors and horse thieves; later also known as Gauche's Band after an important and great chief ' ("Left Hand", "He who holds the knife") who went by the whites by the same name Gauche; today one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the '' Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes'' and ''
Fort Belknap Indian Community The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ( ...
'') * Waką́hežabina, in English often called Little Girls Band and by the French as Gens des Feuilles; today one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the '' Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes'') * Wasinazinyabi, Waci'azi hyabin ('Fat Smokers') * Waziyamwincasta, Wazíyam Wįcášta, Waziya Winchasta, Wiyóhąbąm Nakóda ('People of the North'; once political part of the ''Parklands Cree'' of the ''Upstream People'' of Plains Cree – today living on Indian reserve Mosquito#109 and known as ''Battleford Stoneys'' they are part of the '' Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations'', some of them moved about 1839 into the United States and are today part of Nakoda / Assiniboine bands of the ''
Fort Belknap Indian Community The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ( ...
'') * Wiciyabina, Wichiyabina ('Ones That Go to the Dance', therefore often called for short Wįcį́jana – Girl Band; political once part of the ''Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree'' of the ''Downstream People'' of Plains Cree – today one Assiniboine / Nakoda band of the '' Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes'') * Wokpanbi, Wókpąnbi ('Meat Bag')


Present situation

Today, a substantial number of Assiniboine people live jointly with other tribes, such as the
Plains Cree Plains Cree may refer to: * Plains Cree language * Plains Cree people Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically liv ...
, Saulteaux,
Sioux The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin (; Dakota language, Dakota: Help:IPA, /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/) are groups of Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribes and First Nations in Canada, First Nations peoples in North America. The ...
and Gros Ventre, in several reservations in Canada and the United States. In Manitoba, the Assiniboine survive as individuals, holding no separate communal reserves.


Montana, United States

* Fort Peck (about 11,786 ''Hudesabina'', ''Wadopabina'', ''Wadopahnatonwan'', ''Sahiyaiyeskabi'', ''Inyantonwanbina'' and ''Fat Horse Band'' of the Assiniboine, ''Sisseton'', ''Wahpeton'', ''Yanktonai'' and ''Hunkpapa'' of the Sioux live together on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation near Fort Peck in NE Montana north of the Missouri River, ca. 8,518 km2, Tribal Headquarters are located in Poplar, largest community on the reservation is the city of
Wolf Point Wolf Point ( asb, šųktógeja oʾípa) is an incorporated ranchingtown in, and the county seat of, Roosevelt County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,517 at the 2020 census, down 4% from 2,621 in the 2010 Census. It is the larges ...
) * Fort Belknap (of about 5,426 enrolled Assiniboine and Gros Ventre). The majority of the people live on the
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ...
; some 505 live elsewhere. It is in north central Montana, and largest city is
Fort Belknap Agency Fort Belknap Agency is a census-designated place (CDP) in Blaine County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,293. Fort Belknap Indian Reservation Fort Belknap Agency is the capital of the Fort Belknap Indian Rese ...
, ca. 2,626 km2) In March 2012, these two reservations has received 63 American bison from Yellowstone National Park, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of Poplar. There are many other bison herds outside Yellowstone; this is one of the few genetically pure ones in which the animals were not cross-bred with cattle. Native Americans celebrated this action for restoration of the bison. It came more than a century after the bison were nearly destroyed by overhunting by European Americans and government action to destroy the food source of the powerful Plains Indians. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ...
will also receive a portion of this herd.


Saskatchewan, Canada

*
Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation Carry the Kettle Nakoda Nation ( asb, Ceġa'kin Nakoṫa Oyáṫe hay-gah-keen oya-day "Carries the kettle", also known as Assiniboine First Nation or Assiniboine 76) is a Nakota (Assiniboine) First Nation located about east of Regina, Saskatc ...
( asb, Céǧa kʾína oyáde)(the reserve Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation No. 76, also known as: 'Assiniboine #76', or Carry the Kettle #76-18,19,22, in SE Saskatchewan, 80 km east of Regina and 18 km south of
Sintaluta Sintaluta () is a small town in Saskatchewan, Canada. The current population of Sintaluta is approximately 119 people according to the 2016 Canadian Census. The town is located about 85 km east of Regina. The town is located on the north si ...
, of 2,387 registered Assiniboine only about 850 live on the reserve) * Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations ( asb, Capų́ga-Matópa-Hústaga oyáde)Collette, Vincent. “Nakoda Vocabulary and Phrases.” Academia.edu, November 14, 2017
Link
(also known as ''Battleford Stoneys'') (includes the following reserves: Mosquito #109, Cold Eagle, Grizzly Bear's Head #110 & Lean Man #111, Mosquito Grizzly Bear's Head Lean Man Tle #1, Tribal Headquarters and Administration are 27 km south of Battleford, ca. 127 km2, in 2003 there were about 1,119 registered Assiniboine) *
White Bear First Nation The White Bear First Nations ( cr, ᐚᐱ ᒪᐢᑿ ''wâpi-maskwa'', asb, Matóska oyádeCollette, Vincent. “Nakoda Vocabulary and Phrases.” Academia.edu, November 14, 2017Link ) are a First Nation band government in southeastern Saskatch ...
( asb, Matóska oyáde)(reserves: White Bear #70 and Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77 are located in SE corner of the Moose Mountain area of Saskatchewan, Tribal Headquarters are located 13 km north of
Carlyle Carlyle may refer to: Places * Carlyle, Illinois, a US city * Carlyle, Kansas, an unincorporated place in the US * Carlyle, Montana, a ghost town in the US * Carlyle, Saskatchewan, a Canadian town ** Carlyle Airport ** Carlyle station * Carly ...
, ca. 172 km2, about 1,990 Assiniboine, Saulteaux (Anishinaabe), Cree and Dakota) *
Ocean Man First Nation The Ocean Man First Nation ( cr, ᑭᐦᒋᑲᒦᐏᔨᐣ ''kihcikamîwiyin'') is an Assiniboine, Cree, and Saulteaux band government in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. Chief ''Kitchi-Kah-Me-Win'' (Great Seaman or Ocean Man, also spelt Kiche ...
(reserves: Ocean Man #69, 69A-I, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, Tribal Headquarters are located 19 km north of Stoughton, ca. 41 km2, of 454 registered Assiniboine, Cree and Saulteaux (Anishinaabe) only 170 are living on reserve grounds) *
Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation The Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation ( asb, Šiyónidè oyáde)Collette, Vincent. “Nakoda Vocabulary and Phrases.” Academia.edu, November 14, 2017Link is a First Nation in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, who reside on the Pheasant Rump ...
( asb, Šiyónidè oyáde)(reserve: Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, Tribal Headquarters are located in Kisbey, about 333 Assiniboine, Saulteaux (Anishinaabe) and Cree)


Namesakes

Canada Steamship Lines named one of their new ships the ''CSL Assiniboine''. was the name given to two ships of the Royal Canadian Navy. The first was a destroyer that saw service during the Second World War, and the second was a destroyer during the Cold War era. "Fort Assiniboine" was a name given to trading posts opened in 1793 in Manitoba and in 1824 in Alberta. The Assiniboine River drains much of Saskatchewan and Manitoba into the Red River of the North, which, in turn, flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River. Assiniboia refers to two historical districts of Canada's North-West Territories. The name is taken from the Assiniboine First Nation.


Gallery

File:Two Young Warriors, Assiniboine.jpg, Two young Assiniboine boys File:A skin lodige of the Assiniboin chief 0016v.jpg, A skin lodge of an Assiniboine chief File:Tombs of Assiniboin indians on trees 0063v.jpg, Tomb platforms of Assiniboine in trees File:Assinniboine.jpg, Assiniboine in Montana, 1890–1891 File:Full Moon, Assiniboine.jpg, Full Moon/Sophie Hamilton, an Assiniboine Woman, 1898 File:Baby carrier, Lakota or Nakoda (Assiniboine), c. 1885 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00283.JPG, Assiniboine baby carrier File:Cloud Man, Assinaboine.jpg, An Assiniboine man named Cloud Man File:Black Eagle - Assiniboine.jpg, Black Eagle, Assiniboine man, 1908 photo by
Edward Sheriff Curtis Edward Sherriff Curtis (February 19, 1868 – October 19, 1952) was an American photographer and ethnologist whose work focused on the American West and on Native American people. Sometimes referred to as the "Shadow Catcher", Curtis travele ...
File:Mounted Assiniboine warrior attacking a Blackfoot.jpg, Mounted Assiniboine warrior attacking a Blackfoot. Made by an Assiniboine File:Victory dance of the Assiniboine.jpg, Victory dance of the Assiniboine. Made by an Assiniboine at Fort Union


Assiniboine people

*
Hank Adams Henry Lyle Adams (May 16, 1943 – December 21, 2020, Assiniboine-Sioux) was an American Native rights activist known as a successful strategist, tactician, and negotiator. He was instrumental in resolving several key conflicts between Native Am ...
(1943–2020), indigenous rights activist *
Dolly Akers Dolly Akers (March 23, 1901 – June 5, 1986) was an Assiniboine woman who was the first Native American woman elected to the Montana Legislature with 100% of the Indian vote and the first woman elected to the Tribal Executive Board of the Assin ...
, Montana legislator *
Crazy Bear Crazy Bear (1785–1856) was a chief of the Assiniboine tribes of the northern plains. Their territory included Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. He is known as a skilled negotiator with the American Fur Company at Fort Union, North ...
(
Mah-To-Wit-Ko Crazy Bear (1785–1856) was a chief of the Assiniboine tribes of the northern plains. Their territory included Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. He is known as a skilled negotiator with the American Fur Company at Fort Union, Nor ...
), (1785–1856), chief and negotiator *
Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty (born 1969) is a Native American, Assiniboine Sioux bead worker and porcupine quill worker. She creates traditional Northern Plains regalia. Background Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty was born in Castro Valley, ...
(b. 1969), bead artist, quillworker, and regalia maker * Roxy Gordon (1945–2000), poet, novelist, musician and activist * Indigenous, Nakota blues band * Georgia Wettlin Larsen, singer *
Wi-jún-jon Wi-jún-jon, also called Pigeon's Egg Head or The Light (1796–1872) was a Native American chief of the Assiniboine tribe, which was located in the Great Plains. He is best known as the subject of a painting by George Catlin, a dual portrait po ...
(1796–1872), chief *
William S. Yellow Robe, Jr. William S. Yellow Robe Jr. (February 4, 1960 – July 19, 2021) was an Assiniboine people, Assiniboine actor, author, director, educator, playwright, and poet. Life and career A member of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian ...
(1950–2021), playwright, author, poet *
Jamie Fox James Patrick Fox (October 30, 1954 – February 20, 2017) was an American politician and political strategist. He twice served as New Jersey Commissioner of Transportation and also worked for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PAN ...
,
Métis fiddle Métis fiddle is the style that the Métis of Canada and Métis in the northern United States have developed to play the violin, solo and in folk ensembles. It is marked by the percussive use of the bow and percussive accompaniment (such as spoo ...
* David Midthunder, TV & film actor, enrolled tribal member at the Fort Peck Sioux and Assiniboine Indian Reservation in Montana.IMDB
/ref>


See also

* Fort Peck Indian Reservation *
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( ats, ’ak3ɔ́ɔyɔ́ɔ, lit=the fence or ats, ’ɔ’ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́nííítaan’ɔ, lit=Gros Ventre tribe, label=none) is shared by two Native American tribes, the A'aninin (Gros Ventre) and the Nakoda ...
*
Wi-jún-jon Wi-jún-jon, also called Pigeon's Egg Head or The Light (1796–1872) was a Native American chief of the Assiniboine tribe, which was located in the Great Plains. He is best known as the subject of a painting by George Catlin, a dual portrait po ...
*
Crazy Bear Crazy Bear (1785–1856) was a chief of the Assiniboine tribes of the northern plains. Their territory included Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. He is known as a skilled negotiator with the American Fur Company at Fort Union, North ...


References


Further reading

* Denig, Edwin Thompson, and J. N. B. Hewitt. ''The Assiniboine''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. * Fort Belknap Curriculum Development Project. ''Assiniboine Memories Legends of the Nakota People''. Harlem, Mont: Fort Belknap Education Dept, 1983. *
How the Summer Season Came And Other Assiniboine Indian Stories
'. Helena, Mont: Montana Historical Society Press, with the Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Tribes, 2003. * Kennedy, Dan, and James R. Stevens. ''Recollections of an Assiniboine Chief''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. * Nighttraveller, Will, and Gerald Desnomie. ''Assiniboine Legends'', Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College, 1973. * Nighttraveller, Will, and Gerald Desnomie. ''Assiniboine Legends'', Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College, 1973. * * Writers' Program (Mont.), James Larpenteur Long, and Michael Stephen Kennedy. ''The Assiniboines From the Accounts of the Old Ones Told to First Boy (James Larpenter Long)'', ''The Civilization of the American Indian'' series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.


External links



Minnesota State University, Mankato emuseum
Assiniboine Community CollegeFort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux History
University of Montana {{authority control Plains tribes Siouan peoples First Nations in Alberta First Nations in Saskatchewan Native American tribes in Montana Native American history of Minnesota Native American history of Montana Native American history of North Dakota Algonquian ethnonyms Native American tribes in North Dakota First Nations in Manitoba