Empress Sun
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Empress Xiaogongzhang (孝恭章皇后; 1399 – 26 September 1462), of the Sun clan, was a Chinese empress consort of the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
, married to the fifth Ming emperor, the
Xuande Emperor The Xuande Emperor (16 March 1399 31 January 1435), personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "proclamation of virtue". Ruling over a relatively p ...
. She was mother of
Zhu Qizhen Emperor Yingzong of Ming (; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), personal name Zhu Qizhen (), was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor () in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in 1 ...
, Emperor Yingzong.


Early life

Empress Sun was born in 1399 in
Zouping Zouping () is a county-level city of Shandong province. Geography The city is located on the northern edge of the mountainous central portion of the province. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Binzhou, but is only w ...
,
Shandong Province Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizatio ...
. Her personal name is unknown. Her father was Sun Zhong, an assistant magistrate in Yongcheng District. She had five brothers, the eldest of whom was Sun Qizong (1395 – 1480). He and his three brothers held the rank of guard commander, and another brother held the rank of assistant commander in the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Sun was known to be a local beauty. When Crown Princess Zhang (the future Empress Zhang, who also grew up in the Yongcheng District) visited her hometown, she heard about Sun's beauty. Curious about the young girl's beauty, the crown princess brought her to the palace. Here she received praise from the palace women. The
Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
ordered his wife, Empress Xu, to care for and educate the young girl. In 1417, Sun was selected to be a concubine to Zhu Zhanji (future
Xuande Emperor The Xuande Emperor (16 March 1399 31 January 1435), personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "proclamation of virtue". Ruling over a relatively p ...
), who was the imperial grandson. In 1424, she gave birth to a daughter, the Princess Changde. When Zhu Zhanji ascended the throne in 1425, she became Noble Consort Sun (), which was the second-highest position after the empress.


Empress

In 1427, she gave birth to a son. As Empress Hu had not given birth to a son, the son of Sun was made crown prince. In 1428, the emperor proposed to depose Empress Hu and install Sun as the new empress. At first, Sun refused and said that Empress Hu would eventually have a son that would take precedence over her own son. However, the emperor insisted and finally, Sun agreed. Empress Hu was deposed, and Sun herself, the mother of the crown prince, was promoted to the position of empress (). The investiture of Empress Sun was a very grand affair. Once her formal announcement was made, the palace held congratulatory banquets, one for the emperor and the other for the empress. After Sun was invested, she held court in her residence and regularly met with eunuchs and female officials. Her official duties included personnel evaluation, approving budgets, and planning royal marriages. The emperor's consorts and imperial princesses would make regular visits to her. She reported daily to her mother-in-law, Empress Zhang on family affairs. She also performed the rites at the ancestral altar. On special occasions, she would dine with the emperor at his residence.


Empress dowager

After Xuande's unexpected death in 1435, their son Yingzong ascended the throne, and Sun became the empress dowager (). A day before he died, Xuande issued instructions that the civil and military officials should guide the child, and they should petition his mother, Empress Dowager Zhang and Sun on all important matters of the family and state. She and her mother-in-law openly vied for supremacy. Ultimately Zhang prevailed and sidelined Sun. Sun tried to influence certain government matters, and the imperial historians censured her, a custom acted to restrain palace women. After Zhang's death in 1442, Yingzong began to manage the matters himself. In 1449, he foolishly decided to lead a military expedition against the Mongols, and ended up being captured. Sun and his consort
Empress Qian Empress Qian (; 1426 – 15 July 1468) was a Chinese empress consort during the Ming dynasty, married to the Zhengtong Emperor. She was addressed posthumously as Empress Xiaozhuangrui () Early life There is no record of Empress Qian's birth name, ...
immediately raised a ransom in jewels, and sent it off to secure his release. At first it was decided that the court should retreat to the south. However, Li Yongchang won over the empress, and
Yu Qian Yu Qian (; 1398–1457), courtesy name Tingyi, art name Jie'an, was a Chinese official who served under the Ming dynasty. Biography Yu Qian was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. He started his career in the Ming civil service after o ...
's party won the day, according to whom that those who advocated retreat should be executed. The officials despised Yingzong, and decided to make his younger brother Jingtai Emperor. He was first instructed by Sun to take charge of government affairs as regent, while the emperor's one year old son was made heir apparent. On 15 September 1449, with Sun's assent, he was urged to ascend the throne in person, since the emperor was in captivity and his one year old son was incapable of ruling. He at first refused, since it would confuse the dynastic succession. Only after Sun's approval and Yu Qian's advocacy of the urgent national need for leadership eventually persuaded him. On 23 September, only three weeks after the emperor's capture he ascended the throne, and the captive emperor was given the title of retired emperor. Sun was given the title of high and sacred empress dowager (). The Mongols soon released Yingzong, knowing that the presence of two emperors would cause instability among their enemies. He was initially placed under house arrest. Six years later in 1457, Sun and her brothers lead a coup that dethroned Jingtai, and placed Yingzong back on the throne. She was given the title of ''Empress Dowager Shengliecishou'' ().


Death

Empress Sun died of illness on 26 September 1462, and was given the posthumous title ''Empress Xiaogong Yixian Ciren Zhuanglie Qitian Peisheng Zhang'' (孝恭懿憲慈仁莊烈齊天配聖章皇后). She was buried on 23 November 1462 in the Jingling Mausoleum.


Issue

*As concubine of the Imperial Grandson-heir: **Princess Changde (常德公主; 1424–1470), the Xuande Emperor's third daughter *As Noble Consort Sun: **Zhu Qizhen,  Emperor Yingzong (英宗 朱祁鎮; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), the Xuande Emperor's first son


Titles

*During the reign of the 
Jianwen Emperor The Jianwen Emperor (5 December 1377 – ?), personal name Zhu Yunwen (), was the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1398 to 1402. The era name of his reign, Jianwen, means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp chan ...
 (r. 1398–1402): **Lady Sun (孫氏; from 1399) *During the reign of the 
Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
 (r. 1402–1424): **Concubine of the Imperial Grandson-heir (皇太孫嬪; from 1417) *During the reign of the
Xuande Emperor The Xuande Emperor (16 March 1399 31 January 1435), personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "proclamation of virtue". Ruling over a relatively p ...
(r. 1425–1435): **Noble Consort Sun (孫貴妃; from 1425) **Empress (皇后; from 1428) *During the reign of the
Zhengtong Emperor Emperor Yingzong of Ming (; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), personal name Zhu Qizhen (), was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor () in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in 1 ...
 (r. 1435–1449): **Empress dowager (皇太后; from 7 February 1435) *During the reign of the
Jingtai Emperor The Jingtai Emperor (21 September 1428 – 14 March 1457), born Zhu Qiyu, was the seventh Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1449 to 1457. The second son of the Xuande Emperor, he was selected in 1449 to succeed his elder brother Emper ...
 (r. 1449–1457): **Empress Dowager Shangsheng (上聖皇太后; from 1449) *During the reign of the Tianshun Emperor (r. 1457–1464): **Empress Dowager Shengliecishou (聖烈慈壽皇太后; from 1457) **''Empress Xiaogong Yixian Ciren Zhuanglie Qitian Peisheng Zhang'' (孝恭懿憲慈仁莊烈齊天配聖章皇后; from 1462)


In popular culture

*Portrayed by
Tang Wei use both this parameter and , birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> , death_place = , death_cause = , body_discovered = , resting_place = , resting_place_coordinates ...
as the main character in the 2019 Chinese TV series ''
Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
''. *Portrayed by
Wu Jinyan Wu Jinyan (, born August 16, 1990) is a Chinese actress. She is best known for her roles in television series ''Beauties at the Crossfire'' (2013), '' Story of Yanxi Palace'' (2018) and ''The Legend of Haolan'' (2019). Early life and educatio ...
as the main character in the 2022 Chinese TV series ''
Royal Feast Royal Feast (Chinese: 尚食; pinyin: ''Shàng Shí'') is a historical costume drama series directed by Wang Wei and Bai Yunmo, starring Xu Kai, Wu Jinyan, Wang Churan, Wang Yizhe, Zhang Nan, He Fengtian, Liu Min, with He Ruixian, Wang Yan, an ...
''.


References


Sources

* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Sun, Empress 1400s births 1462 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from Zouping Ming dynasty empresses Ming dynasty empresses dowager 15th-century Chinese women 15th-century Chinese people