Electronic Sound

''Electronic Sound'' is the second studio album by English rock musician George Harrison. Released in May 1969, it was the last of two LPs issued on the Beatles' short-lived Zapple record label, a subsidiary of Apple Records that specialised in the avant-garde. The album is an experimental work comprising two lengthy pieces performed on a Moog 3-series synthesizer. It was one of the first electronic music albums by a rock musician, made at a time when the Moog was usually played by dedicated exponents of the technology. Harrison subsequently introduced the Moog to the Beatles' sound, and the band featured synthesizer for the first time on their 1969 album ''Abbey Road''.

Harrison began the project in Los Angeles, in November 1968, while he was producing sessions for his Apple Records artist Jackie Lomax. "No Time or Space" comprises an edit of a Moog demonstration given there by Bernie Krause, an American synthesizer exponent and Moog salesman. Once his own Moog system had arrived in England, in February 1969, Harrison recorded the second piece, "Under the Mersey Wall", at his home in Surrey. Krause later said that, with "No Time or Space", Harrison had recorded the studio demonstration without his knowledge and that it incorporated ideas he was due to include on his forthcoming album with Paul Beaver.

The cover artwork of ''Electronic Sound'' was taken from a painting by Harrison. The front cover shows Krause operating the Moog console, while the back depicts Derek Taylor's office at Apple and the pressures afflicting the company at the time.

The album has received an unfavourable response from many rock critics; these writers dismiss it as unfocused, unstructured, and consisting of random sounds. Some commentators and musicians judge it to be an adventurous work that displays the Moog's sonic potential at a time when the system was in its infancy. In the United States and Canada, the LP was pressed with the two tracks swapped around, leading to confusion regarding the identity of the pieces. The order was corrected for the album's CD release in 1996. The 2014 reissue includes essays by Kevin Howlett and electronica musician Tom Rowlands, along with Dhani Harrison's explanation of his father's artwork.

Background

Although a guitarist and, from 1966, an aspiring sitarist under Indian musician Ravi Shankar, George Harrison turned to keyboard instruments as a tool for songwriting in 1967. These instruments included Hammond organ on some of his songs with the Beatles, and Mellotron on several of the Western selections on his debut solo album, the ''Wonderwall Music'' film soundtrack. Described by producer George Martin as the most dedicated of the Beatles in finding and creating new sounds for the band's studio recordings, Harrison became intrigued by the potential of the Moog synthesizer while in Los Angeles in late 1968. He was introduced to the instrument by Bernie Krause, who, along with his Beaver & Krause partner Paul Beaver, was the Moog company's sales representative for the US West Coast.

An off-shoot of the Beatles' Apple record label, Zapple Records was intended as an outlet for avant-garde musical works and spoken-word albums. The music on ''Electronic Sound'', consisting of two extended instrumental pieces – "Under the Mersey Wall" and "No Time or Space" – was performed on a Moog 3 modular system. Harrison bought the system from the Moog company through Krause, and later had it set up at EMI Studios in London for the Beatles to use on their recordings.

In author Alan Clayson's view, the album was Harrison's "gesture of artistic solidarity" towards John Lennon and Yoko Ono, whose experimental collaborations, having first appeared on the Beatles' 1968 track "Revolution 9", made up Zapple's other inaugural album, '' Life with the Lions''. In a 1987 interview, Harrison said that ''Electronic Sound'', like the Lennon–Ono album, was an example of Zapple's ethos of "letingserendipity take hold" rather than a formal creative work.

Recording and content

According to the album's liner notes, "No Time or Space" was recorded "in California in November 1968 with the assistance of Bernie Krause". The title was a phrase Harrison had adopted when discussing the aim of Transcendental Meditation in a September 1967 interview for the BBC Radio 1 show ''Scene and Heard''. Krause later said that "No Time or Space" was a recording of him demonstrating the Moog III to Harrison in Los Angeles, following a session for Jackie Lomax's album ''Is This What You Want?'', which Harrison was producing at the time. Krause claimed that the demonstration was recorded without his knowledge and nor would he have given his consent, since his playing included ideas he intended to develop on the next Beaver & Krause album. Krause's name was originally included on the front cover of ''Electronic Sound'', under Harrison's, but it was painted over at Krause's insistence. The words "Bernie Krause" were nevertheless visible under the silver ink on original LP pressings.

The information for "Under the Mersey Wall" reads: "Recorded at Esher in Merrie England; with the assistance of Rupert and Jostick The Siamese Twins – February 1969." The title of this piece was a play on "Over the Mersey Wall", a column by a newspaper journalist named George Harrison that appeared in '' The Liverpool Echo''. Harrison recorded "Under the Mersey Wall" at his house, Kinfauns, after Krause had travelled to England to help him set up the new Moog system.

Costing around $8000 (equivalent to $ in ), Harrison's was the 95th synthesizer sold by the Moog company, but only the third to arrive in Britain. At Harrison's request, Krause first persuaded customs officers at Heathrow Airport that the system was a musical instrument and to accept a minimal tariff to release the equipment. Harrison's Moog 3P set-up comprised a pair of five-octave keyboards with portamento control, a ribbon controller, modules including ten voltage-controlled oscillators, a white noise generator, three ADSR envelope generators, voltage-controlled filters and amplifiers, a spring reverberation unit and a four-channel mixer.

By 1968, Krause had become disillusioned with working with rock artists and what he saw as their limited view of the Moog's potential. Aside from Krause's discovery that Harrison intended to use the 1968 demonstration piece on the album, the relationship between the two musicians was adversely affected by Harrison's stay in hospital in early February, where he had his tonsils removed. Krause felt insulted by the treatment he received at the Apple Corps headquarters, where the staff had no knowledge of his visit. Krause and his wife then went to Paris, only to be summoned back to London by Harrison once he was released from hospital. Harrison later commented that the Moog had no instruction manual; the falling out between him and Krause meant that Harrison received only basic guidance on how to operate the system.

The notes accompanying the track listing on the LP sleeve were taken from a Zapple press release written by Richard DiLello, who served in the position of "house hippy" at Apple. Among DiLello's comments, he described "No Time or Space" as "a pottage of space music" and said of "Under the Mersey Wall": "in a mounting vortex of decibels, there came to pass a wrecked chord of environmental sound that went beyond the genre of hashish cocktail music. The bass line had been milked through the Moog machine and, lo and high, we behold electronic music …" The inside sleeve included a quotation attributed to "Arthur Wax": "There are a lot of people around, making a lot of noise; here's some more."

Artwork

The cover of ''Electronic Sound'' was painted by Harrison himself. According to Beatles historian Bruce Spizer, the vivid colours and childlike quality of the artwork "add a feeling of lightness" to the austere sounds found on the album. The front cover image includes a green-faced figure holding a green apple in one hand and standing behind a Moog console. The reverse is a scene from Derek Taylor's office at Apple, with the words "Grapple with it" painted above and below a white sofa. At this time, according to author and Zapple manager Barry Miles, the "spectre of Zapple's demise" and Apple's gradual disintegration were already apparent.

Harrison's son Dhani says that the two sleeve images were part of a single large painting, which he discussed with his father after discovering it in the family home, Friar Park, in the 1990s. In Dhani's description, the green man on the front is Krause, who is controlling the Moog and ensuring that sound emanates from the right of the device, in the manner of a meat grinder. Harrison appears as a small blue smiling face below this, "making the tea", while the green shape along the bottom of the image represents Jostick, one of his and Pattie Boyd's Siamese cats.

In the portion used on the back of the LP, according to Dhani, Taylor is seen flying an "angry kite", which represents the aggravation that was pervasive at Apple in 1969, hence the "Grapple with it" message. The faces on Taylor's large wicker chair are Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall, the Beatles' longtime assistants and former road managers. Both men were frequently torn in their loyalties towards the individual Beatles, due to the dysfunction within the band during the Apple era; the cover shows Evans smiling and Aspinall wearing a frown with, in Miles' words, "all the cares of Apple on his shoulders". Harrison's friend Eric Clapton is pictured with a Hendrix-style afro and in psychedelic attire, and holding a guitar. As further examples of the inharmonious atmosphere at Apple, Miles notes that, unlike the four portraits of the Beatles hanging on the office wall, a picture of an Indian yogi with the Om symbol above him is upside down, and so too is the view through the office window in the top right corner of the image.

Author Mark Brend describes the cover art as "a twist on the convention of making the instrument itself a focus", since the four Moog modules appear to be grouped together behind the synthesizer player as if they are his backing musicians.

Release

''Electronic Sound'' was released on Zapple Records on 9 May 1969 in the UK and on 26 May in the United States. In the UK, the album's catalogue number was Zapple 02, indicating it as the second LP on the label after Lennon and Ono's ''Life with the Lions''. Unlike Harrison, Lennon and Ono promoted their new album extensively on UK radio. During their interview for Radio Luxembourg, Lennon also gave a plug for ''Electronic Sound'' when stating that atmosphere and sound were now of more interest to him than melody and words.

According to Beatles biographer Nicholas Schaffner, both albums confused and proved "virtually unlistenable" to the majority of record buyers, and Zapple's claim that it was a label producing "paperback records" was not borne out in the high retail price of the LPs in the US. ''Electronic Sound'' was sullied further after Krause wrote to ''Rolling Stone'' magazine complaining of Harrison's appropriation of his demonstration piece and saying that he was "frankly hurt and a bit disillusioned by the whole thing". ''Electronic Sound'' failed to chart in the United Kingdom, while in the United States, it peaked at number 191 during its two weeks on the ''Billboard'' Top LPs chart. As one of the first measures initiated by Allen Klein, the new manager of Apple Corps, the Zapple label was shut down shortly after the album's release. ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'' were deleted and soon became highly prized among collectors.

On the original United States and Canada pressings of ''Electronic Sound'', the order of the recordings was accidentally switched, although the titles were not. This mistake caused many listeners to confuse the two pieces. The album was issued on CD for the first time in December 1996, in the UK and Japan only, at which point the correct running order was used. Harrison was highly dismissive of ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'' at this time. Rather than include the planned 1000-word liner note essay in the CD booklet for his album, he supplied his own text, reading simply: "It could be called avant-garde, but a more apt description would be (in the words of my old friend Alvin), ''Avant Garde Clue''!"

''Electronic Sound'' was reissued in remastered CD form on 22 September 2014, as part of the '' Apple Years 1968–75'' Harrison box set. The album was also made available as a high-resolution 24-bit 96 kHz digital download. The Moog 3P synthesizer used by Harrison on the album is still owned by the Harrison family and is pictured in the centre photo spread of the 2014 CD reissue. Dhani Harrison supplied an essay in the CD booklet in which he recalls his father's explanation of the cover painting.

Critical reception

Contemporary reviews

Allen Evans of the ''NME'' described the record as "for intellectuals, a rare LP for 'reading into it' something that probably isn't there". He found little meaning in the combination of mechanical sounds on "No Time or Space" and said that "Under the Mersey Wall" was more musical, with a semblance of form revealing itself after an opening that he likened to "someone learning an instrument". '' Melody Maker'' compared ''Electronic Sound'' favourably with Wendy Carlos's Moog album ''Switched-On Bach'', which became a surprise commercial hit after entering the ''Billboard'' Top LPs chart in March. The writer said that Harrison's work was superior because, unlike the Carlos LP, "it never tries to reproduce sounds produced originally by humans. That is the way lectronic musicmust go."

In his joint review of ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'', Ed Ward of ''Rolling Stone'' dismissed the Lennons' album as "utter bullshit" and said that Harrison had "done quite well learning his way around his new Moog Synthesizer ... but he's still got a way to go". Ward added: "The textures presented are rather mundane, there is no use of dynamics for effect, and the works don't show any cohesiveness to speak of. However, if he's this good now, with diligent experimentation he ought to be up there with the best in short order."

Writing in ''Fusion'' magazine, Loyd Grossman pondered whether the album would have been released if not for the Beatles owning Zapple. He said that the record's shape and resistance to water made it useful as a "porthole cover" and concluded, in imitation of the noises heard on the LP: "If YOU ''fweemfweemfweemfweem apapapapapapap'' have an olD SunbeamToaster ''ugwachattttattachurgchurg churg'' and enjoyputting your ''dddddldddlddlllder'' ear up to it ''wwhoooooooggggg*-*-'' you may enjoy this album ''phwerpphwerp phwerp'' …"

Retrospective assessment

In the 2004 ''Rolling Stone Album Guide'', Mac Randall called the album and its predecessor, ''Wonderwall Music'', "interesting, though only for established fans". Richard Ginell of AllMusic says that the same two albums showed that Harrison defied "pigeonholing" in his projects outside the Beatles, and he writes of ''Electronic Sound'': "Though scoffed at when they were released, these pieces can hold their own and then some with many of those of other, more seriously regarded electronic composers. And when you consider that synthesizers were only capable of playing one note at a time and sounds could not be stored or recalled with the push of a button, the achievement becomes even more remarkable."

In his appraisal of Harrison's solo career for '' Mojo'' in 2011, John Harris described the album as the "Fabdom" equivalent of Lou Reed's ''Metal Machine Music'', adding: "Not exactly music, though you could conceivably assume the endless whooshes and random notes were the work of admirably out-there Krautrockers." In his article on the Moog for the same magazine, in 1997, John McCready wrote that the album conveyed "caveman confusion" on Harrison's part, but he grouped it with experimental releases by Jean-Jacques Perrey

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