Electricity sector in Denmark

Denmark's western electrical grid is part of the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe whereas the eastern part is connected to the Synchronous grid of Northern Europe via Sweden.

80% of electricity generated in Denmark comes from renewables (as of 2019). The most important source of electricity production is wind power (57%). Interconnectors to neighboring countries, in particular Norway which exports hydroelectricity and Sweden which exports mostly hydroelectricity and nuclear electricity, provide extra power when electricity consumption exceeds generation. The combination of domestic wind power and Norwegian hydroelectricity provides a stable source of renewable, non-biomass electricity (which would be harder to achieve on wind power alone, without energy storage).

Solar power is at 3% of the total generation, but quickly expanding. Denmark also burns biomass and other combustible renewables to generate electricity, and it constitutes 20% of the electricity production. Fossil fuels and waste provide another 20% (as of 2019).

Denmark is a net importer of electricity. The flow of electricity between Denmark and the countries it has interconnectors with (Norway, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands), and the direction of that flow, is highly variable and depends on current demand and current Danish wind power output.

Danish average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 MWh less than EU 15 average in 2008. Denmark has average electricity costs (including costs for cleaner energy) in EU,Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv
page 7. '' Danish Energy Agency'' but general taxes increase the price to the highest in Europe.Electricity and natural gas price statistics
''EuroStat'', May 2015. In 2015, supply security was over 99.99%, among the highest in the world.

The Danish electricity market is a part of the Nord Pool Spot power exchange.

Wind power in Denmark

Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has had the highest wind share in the world ever since; wind produced the equivalent of 42% of Denmark's total electricity consumption in 2015. Danish consumption of wind turbine generated electricity is the highest in the world per person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. Denmark produced more wind power per person in Denmark in 2009 than either Spain or the UK produced nuclear power per person in their respective countries.

Gross electricity consumption & production in GWh with renewables share

Consumption

According to Nordel annual statistics Denmark's total electricity consumption totaled 36,392 GWh in 2006. Consumption increased about 3% in the period from 2001 to 2006 (in the same time-frame Sweden saw a 3% reduction, Norway a 2% reduction and Finland a 10% increase).Capacity for Competition, Investing for an Efficient Nordic Electricity Market Report
, The Nordic competition authorities 1/2007; Capacity and electricity consumption page 58

Danish consumption of wind-generated electricity topped the world per person: 1,218 kWh. The renewable electricity-sources may give some protection against high annual changes. Electricity consumption fell in Denmark only 4% in the 2009-2008 recession (while falling 7.1% in Sweden, 7.9% in Finland and 8.6% in the UK; in Iceland consumption fell only 0.9%). Danish average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 MWh less than the EU 15 average of 7.4 MWh in 2008.Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures 2009 and 201
2009 T25
an
2010 T49

In 2019, Danish industry paid around 8 eurocent/kWh for the electricity cost, less than the EU average of 12 c.
In 2014, Danish industry paid around 32øre/kWh for the electricity cost, about EU average. Denmark has average electricity costs (including consumer-paid incentives (PSO); costs for cleaner energy) in EU,Electricity prices for industrial consumers
''Eurostat'', October 2015 but taxes increase the consumer price to the highest in Europe at around EUR 0.30/kWh.

PSO is used for wind, biomass, solar, and district heating; total PSO was DKK 5.8 billion in 2013, of which DKK 3.2 billion went to wind power.Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter
page 6+17. '' Danish Energy Agency'', 19 May 2014. Retrieved: 17 January 2015. In 2015, the cost of power was only 32% of the price, while PSO was 9%, and tolls and VAT the remaining 59%.Afgiftsstruktur gør el langt dyrere end olie
''CSR.dk'', 29 February 2016

As new data centers come online, Energinet.dk expects consumption to increase by 3.8 TWh in 2023 and by 13 TWh in 2040, compared to 2015.

Due to exchange with other countries, Danish consumption of electricity is different from its production. The Environment declaration shows how the physical power is composed of different fuel sources. The General Declaration differs due to trade with green certificates, and does not show actual composition. Due to more wind in Denmark and more precipitation in Norway and Sweden, Danish electricity went from 1,216 kg per household in 2014 to 808 kg in 2015 (182g/kWh in 2014). 58% came from wind, water and sun, 19% from coal&lignite, and 4% from nuclear.

Production

Mode of production

The total installed power capacity was 12.5 GW in 2001 and in the end of 2006 12.7 GW including 9.5 GW from natural gas, coal and oil and 3.1 GW wind power.
Denmark has almost no hydropower, and no pumped storage. Denmark had the 6th best energy security in the world in 2014, although this includes non-electrical energy. Denmark has 1250 MW of methane-fueled distributed power plants supplying district heating. Their electricity production decreased to a third during the ten years from 2010 to 2019, but power capacity remained the same
Current power system data
are provided by Energinet.dk an
EMD

Power stations

Producers

Main power producing companies operating in the Danish market are Ørsted A/S and Vattenfall. The current market structure was designed in 2003–2006 by a number of mergers and transactions. In January 2003, Ørsted (then called DONG Energy) acquires a 64% share in the regional power company EnergiGruppen Jylland, which owned 3.1% of the electricity producer Elsam. At the same year Elsam acquired 78.8% of retail sales operator NESA and later took a full control of the company. At the same time, NESA owned 36% in other electricity producer Energy E2. In 2004, EnergiGruppen Jylland increased its stake in Elsam to 24% and on 10 December 2004 Ørsted and Elsam announce announced their planned merger. Ørsted increased its stake in Elsam to 64.7% while Swedish power producer Vattenfall had acquired a blocking stake of 35.3%.

In 2005, Ørsted purchased municipal utilities Københavns Energi and Frederiksberg Forsyning, including their 34% and 2.26% stakes in Energi E2. In May 2005, Ørsted and Vattenfall agreed split of assets in Elsam and Energi E2. Vattenfall received Amager Power Station, Fyn Power Station, Nordjylland Power Station, two decentralised gas-fired plants in Zealand, a portfolio of Danish and international wind activities, and a 30% stake in a German wind development for exchange of Vattenfall's 35% stake in Elsam and 40% stake in the Avedøre 2 Power Station. The agreement and merger of Ørsted, Elsam, NESA, Københavns Energi, and Frederiksberg Forsyning to form Ørsted Energy was approved by the European Commission in 2006 and consequently came into force on 2 July 2006.

Due to a reduction in PSO-money, combined heat and power plants receive an estimated DKK 2.5 billion less in 2019.

Competition

The Danish Council decided that the Danish producer Elsam (now Ørsted) abused its dominant position in Denmark to raise prices in the period 2003–2006.

Power outlet

230 V 50 Hz (single phase) and 400 V 50 Hz (three phase) for end-users.

Transmission

Denmark has two separate transmission systems, of which the eastern one is synchronous with Nordic (former NORDEL) and the western one with the synchronous grid of Continental Europe.Gellert, Bjarne Christian
Electricity interconnections
''Energinet.dk'', 22 August 2011. Accessed: 6 December 2011. The 600 MW DC Great Belt Power Link connecting the two systems was commissioned only in July 2010, started commercial operations in August 2010, and was inaugurated on 7 September 2010. The Little Belt cables are 400 kV AC at 1,100 MW and replaced overhead wires in 2013. Bornholm is connected to Scania in Sweden through a cable.

The Danish transmission system is owned and operated by Energinet.dk, which was created by a merger of power grid operators Eltra, Elkraft System and Elkraft Transmission, and by natural gas transmission system operator Gastra. The merger took place on 24 August 2005 with retrospective effect from 1 January 2005. Eltra and Elkraft were communally owned by the respective region's distribution companies (Eltra west of the Great Belt and Elkraft east of it). The high-voltage transmission assets were transferred to the Danish State and later to Energinet.dk at no cost. Since 1997, Elkraft and Eltra operated as fully unbundled companies from the power generating companies.

, nearly all low-voltage (<10 kV) power lines run as underground cables. For medium voltage around 50-60 kV 40% are buried, while 25% of high-voltage (132-400 kV) are ground cables. , Denmark has about 2-3% transmission losses.

Denmark sits at an electricity crossroads between the larger electricity markets in Scandinavia and Germany, and facilitates power trade between these. In 2014, electricity generation was 592 TWh in Germany, 150 TWh in Sweden, 141 TWh in Norway, and 31 TWh in Denmark.

Several direct current cables connect the two Danish systems to neighboring countries. The western Danish power grid is connected to Norway with 1,700 MW (Skagerrak) and Sweden with 740 MW (Konti–Skan). The 700 MW ( COBRAcable) connects Jutland and the Netherlands,Torben Glar Nielsen.
Energinet.dk has approved the business case for Cobra cable
" ''Energinet.dk'', 13 January 2014. Accessed: 20 January 2014. and the 1,400 MW Viking Link is planned to connect Jutland and England.Torben Glar Nielsen.
Denmark set to make billions from electricity interconnector between the UK and Denmark and new interconnection with Germany
" ''Energinet.dk'', 16 March 2016. Accessed: 16 March 2016.

Larger alternating current connections also exist; 1,780 MW between Germany and Jutland,Skødt, Torben.
Electricity interconnections
" ''Energinet.dk'', 20 February 2014. Accessed: January 2015. and a second 400kV AC line is planned between Jutland and Germany.

East Denmark is connected to Germany with 600 MW DC (Kontek) and the 400 MW cable via the Kriegers Flak offshore wind farm.Wittrup, Sanne.
Sjælland får ny, millliard-dyr elforbindelse til Tyskland
''Ingeniøren'', 19 December 2014. Accessed: January 2015. Zealand can import 1,700 MW from Sweden (export capacity is less).

Synchronous condensers (syncons) assist grid stability; 3 in the western grid and 2 in the eastern grid, some with capacities reaching -140 to 270 MVAr. A limit of ±15 MVAr is set as a measure of grid quality.

Total export and import capacities were 2,510 MW and 2,870 MW respectively in 2007. The actual import and export capacities were typically 60% of the nominal capacities. Studies showed inefficient markets in 2006. In 2014 (before cables to Netherlands and Kriegers), Denmark had an electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 44%, compared to Slovakia at 61% and Hungary at 29%. COM/2015/082 final: "Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target
TextPDF
page 2-5. ''European Commission'', 25 February 2015
ArchiveMirror
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See also

*Energy in Denmark
*Solar power in Denmark
*Governance of hydropower in Scandinavia
*Nordic energy market
*Renewable energy in Denmark

References

External links

Statistics from 2006 (in Danish)
figure 10 shows the distribution companies and figure 44 the transmission grid

{{Europe topic, Electricity sector in