In
grammar
In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structure, structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clause (linguistics), clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraint ...
, the elative case (
abbreviated
An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbrevia ...
; from la, efferre "to bring or carry out") is a
locative
In grammar, the locative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases, together with the ...
grammatical case
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and Numeral (linguistics), numerals), which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording. In vari ...
with the basic meaning "out of".
Usage
Uralic languages
In
Finnish
Finnish may refer to:
* Something or someone from, or related to Finland
* Culture of Finland
* Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland
* Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people
* Finnish cuisine
See also ...
, the elative is typically formed by adding ", in
Estonian by adding to the genitive stem, in
Livonian and in
Erzya. In
Hungarian, the suffix expresses the elative:
fi, talosta - "out of the house, from the house" (Finnish = "house")
- "out of the houses, from the houses" (Finnish = "houses")
et, majast - "out of the house, from the house" (Estonian = "house")
Erzya: - "out of the house, from the house" (Erzya = "house")
hu, házból - "out of the house" (Hungarian = "house")
In some
dialects of Finnish it is common to drop the final
vowel
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (leng ...
of the elative ending, which then becomes identical to the elative
morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful Constituent (linguistics), constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistics, linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology (linguistics), morphology.
In English, morphemes are ...
of Estonian; for example: . This pronunciation is common in southern Finland, appearing in the
southwestern dialects and in some
Tavastian dialects
Tavastian dialects ( fi, Hämäläismurteet) are Western Finnish dialects spoken in parts of Western and Southern Finland. The dialect spoken in the city of Tampere is part of the Tavastian dialects. The Tavastian dialects have influenced other Fi ...
. Most other dialects use the standard form ''-sta''.
Russian
In some rare cases the elative still exists in contemporary Russian, though it was used more widely in 17-18th cc. texts: (out of the forest), (blood from the nose), (from Yaroslavl).
See also
Other locative cases are:
*
Inessive case
In grammar, the inessive case ( abbreviated ; from la, inesse "to be in or at") is a locative grammatical case. This case carries the basic meaning of "in": for example, "in the house" is in Finnish, in Estonian, () in Moksha, in Basque, i ...
("in")
*
Illative case
In grammar, the illative case (; abbreviated ; from la, illatus "brought in") is a grammatical case used in the Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Hungarian languages. It is one of the locative cases, and has the basic meaning of "int ...
("into")
*
Adessive case
In grammar, an adessive case (abbreviated ; from Latin '' adesse'' "to be present (at)": ''ad'' "at" + ''esse'' "to be") is a grammatical case generally denoting location at, upon, or adjacent to the referent of the noun; the term is most frequentl ...
("on")
*
Allative case
In grammar, the allative case (; abbreviated ; from Latin ''allāt-'', ''afferre'' "to bring to") is a type of locative grammatical case. The term allative is generally used for the lative case in the majority of languages that do not make fine ...
("onto")
*
Ablative case
In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; sometimes abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses. T ...
("off")
*
Delative case In grammar, the delative case (abbreviated ; from la, deferre "to bear or bring away or down") is a grammatical case in the Hungarian language which originally expressed the movement from the surface of something (e.g. "off the table"), but has als ...
("off of a surface")
Further reading
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elative Case
Grammatical cases