This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. ''

cookie A cookie is a baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet. It usually contains flour, sugar, egg, and some type of oil, fat, or butter. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, n ...

''), some are comparatively rare. In a survey by

Joseph M. Williams Joseph M. Williams (18 August 1933, Cleveland, Ohio – 22 February 2008, South Haven, Michigan) was a professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Chicago where he promoted clarity in writing for many years. ...

in ''Origins of the English Language'' it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin. In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its Dutch forebear. Some English words have been borrowed directly from Dutch. But typically, English spellings of Dutch loanwords suppress combinations of vowels of the original word which do not exist in English and replace them with existing vowel combinations respectively. For example, the oe in ''koekje'' or ''koekie'' becomes oo in ''cookie'', the ij (considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in ''vrijbuiter'' becomes ee and oo in ''freebooter'', the aa in ''baas'' becomes o in ''boss'', the oo in ''stoof'' becomes o in ''stove''. As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language Proto-Germanic. Their relationship however, has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse as a consequence of Viking expansion from the 9th till the 11th century, and

Norman French Norman or Norman French (, french: Normand, Guernésiais: , Jèrriais: ) is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon. The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to descri ...

, as a consequence of the

Norman conquest of England The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Normans, Norman, Duchy of Brittany, Breton, County of Flanders, Flemish, and Kingdom of France, French troops, ...

in 1066. Because of their close common relationship - in addition to the large Latin and

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

vocabulary both languages possess - many English words are essentially identical to their Dutch lexical counterparts, either in spelling (''plant'', ''begin'', ''fruit''), pronunciation (''pool'' = ''pole'', ''boek'' = ''book'', ''diep'' = ''deep''), or both (''offer'', ''hard'', ''lip'') or as false friends (''ramp'' = ''disaster'', ''roof'' = ''robbery'', ''mop'' = ''joke''). These cognates or in other ways related words are excluded from this list. Dutch expressions have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons and in different periods in time. These are some of the most common ones: ;From Old Dutch : * Many Latinate words in the English lexicon were borrowed from Latin. Quite a few of these words can further trace their origins back to a Germanic source - usually Old Low Franconian. Old Dutch is the western variant of this language. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword is from Old Dutch (Old West Low Franconian) or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. ''See also:

List of English Latinates of Germanic origin Many words in the English lexicon are made up of Latinate words; that is, words which have entered the English language from a Romance language (usually Anglo-Norman), or were borrowed directly from Latin. Quite a few of these words can further t ...

'' * Since speakers of West Germanic languages spoken along the North Sea coast from the 5th to the 9th century lived close enough together to form a linguistic

crossroads Crossroads, crossroad, cross road or similar may refer to: * Crossroads (junction), where four roads meet Film and television Films * ''Crossroads'' (1928 film), a 1928 Japanese film by Teinosuke Kinugasa * ''Cross Roads'' (film), a 1930 Brit ...

- water was the main way of transportation - Dutch and English share some traits that other West Germanic languages do not possess. Lexical examples are Dutch ''vijf'' / English ''five'' (compare German: ''Fünf'') and Dutch ''leef'' / English ''live'' (compare German ''Leben''). These words have been excluded from the list. ''See also:

Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development that occurred in the Ingvaeonic dialects of the West Germanic langu ...

'' * Since the Norman conquest of 1066 many Latinate words entered the English lexicon via French, which has – via Old French – a substantial base of Old Dutch (or Old Low Franconian) and Middle Dutch. For instance, French ''boulevard'' comes from Dutch ''bolwerk''. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword in French is from Dutch or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. ''See also: Influence of Franconian language on French'' For some loanwords stemming from this period it is not always clear whether they are of Old Dutch, Old Norse, another Germanic language or an unknown Old English origin. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such. ;From Middle Dutch : * About one-third of the invading Norman army of 1066 came from Dutch speaking Flanders. Many Flemings stayed in England after the Conquest and influenced the English language. * The main part of refugees to England, Wales and Scotland from the 11th till the 17th century were from the Low Countries; particularly Flemish skilled weavers and textile workers immigrated as a result of floods, overpopulation and warfare in Flanders. In 1527, when England's population numbered 5 million, London alone had tens of thousands of Flemings, while an estimated third of the Scottish population has a Flemish background. The

Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League (; gml, Hanse, , ; german: label=Modern German, Deutsche Hanse) was a medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German to ...

had in the late Middle Ages a trade network along the coast of Northern Europe and England, using to Dutch related Middle Low German as

lingua franca A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups ...

. Some loanwords from this period could come from either language. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such. ;From Modern Dutch : * In the

Dutch Golden Age The Dutch Golden Age ( nl, Gouden Eeuw ) was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the era from 1588 (the birth of the Dutch Republic) to 1672 (the Rampjaar, "Disaster Year"), in which Dutch trade, science, and Dutch art, ...

, spanning most of the 17th century, Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world, and many English words of Dutch origin concerning these areas are stemming from this period. * English and Dutch rivalry at sea resulted in many Dutch naval terms in English. ''See also: Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms'' * Via settlements in North America and elsewhere in the world Dutch language influenced English spoken there, particularly American English. That resulted also in numerous place names based on Dutch words and places. These are excluded from the list unless they are well known, like ''Brooklyn'' (from the Dutch town ''

Breukelen Breukelen () is a town and former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. It is situated to the north west of Utrecht, along the river Vecht and close to the lakes of the Loosdrechtse Plassen, an area of natural and tourist ...

'') and ''Wall Street'' (from Dutch ''Walstraat''). ''See also:

List of place names of Dutch origin The Dutch, aided by their skills in shipping, map making, finance and trade, traveled to every corner of the world and left their language embedded in names of places they visited. A fraction of these are still in use today. To be included in t ...

'' * Due to contact between Afrikaans and English speakers in South Africa, many Dutch words entered English via Afrikaans, which has an estimated 90 to 95% vocabulary of Dutch origin. Only the words that entered ''standard'' English are listed here. Afrikaans words that do not stem from

Cape Dutch Cape Dutch, also commonly known as Cape Afrikaners, were a historic socioeconomic class of Afrikaners who lived in the Western Cape during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The terms have been evoked to describe an affluent, apolitical se ...

but from an African, Indian or other European language, are not listed here. ''See also:

List of English words of Afrikaans origin Words of Afrikaans origin have entered other languages. British English has absorbed Afrikaans words primarily via British soldiers who served in the Boer Wars. Many more words have entered common usage in South African English due to the paral ...

and

List of South African slang words This list of "Afrikanerisms" comprises slang words and phrases influenced primarily by Afrikaans. Typical users include people with Afrikaans as their first language but who speak living in areas where the population speaks both English and Af ...

'' __NOTOC__

A

; Aardvark : from South African Dutch ''aardvark'' (''earth'' + ''pig'')
/sup> ; Afrikaans : from Dutch ''Afrikaans'' (''Africanish'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:aloof, Aloof : from Old French ''lof'', based on Middle Dutch ''lof'' (''windward direction'') + Middle English ''a''
/sup> ; Apartheid : from Afrikaans Apartheid, from Dutch ''apart'' +

suffix In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns, adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry ...

''-heid'' (''separate'' + ''-hood'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:avast, Avast : from 17th century Dutch ''hou'vast'' (''hold fast'', ''hold steady'')
/sup>

B

; Bamboo : from 16th century Dutch ''bamboe'', based on Malay mambu
/sup> ; Batik : from Dutch ''batik'', based on Javanese ''amba'' + ''titik'' (''to write'' + ''dot, point'')
/sup> ; Bazooka : from US slang '' bazoo'' (''mouth''), based on Dutch ''bazuin'' (''trompet'')
/sup> ; Beaker (drinkware), Beaker : from either Old Norse ''bikarr'' or Middle Dutch ''beker'' (''mug'', ''cup'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:beleaguer, Beleaguer : from 16th century Dutch ''belegeren'' (''besiege'')
/sup> ; Berm : from French ''berme'', based on Old Dutch ''b(a)erm''
/sup> ; wiktionary:bicker, Bicker : from Middle Dutch ''bicken'' (''to slash'', ''attack'') + Middle English frequentative suffix ''-er''
/sup> ; wiktionary:blare, Blare : from an unrecorded Old English ''*blæren'' or from Middle Dutch ''blaren'' and ''blèren'' (''to bleat'', ''to shout'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:blasé, Blasé : via French ''blasé'', past participle of ''blaser'' (="to satiate"), perhaps from Dutch ''blazen'' (="to blow"), with a sense of "puffed up under the effects of drinking"
/sup> ; wiktionary:blaze, Blaze (to make public, often in a bad sense, boastfully) : from Middle Dutch ''blasen'' (="to blow, on a trumpet)
/sup> ; wiktionary:blink, Blink : perhaps from Middle Dutch ''blinken'' (="to glitter")
/sup> ; wiktionary:blister, Blister : via Old French ''blestre'', perhaps from a Scandinavian source or from Middle Dutch ''blyster'' (="swelling")
/sup> ; wiktionary:block, Block (solid piece) : via Old French ''bloc'' (="log, block"), from Middle Dutch ''blok'' (="trunk of a tree")
/sup> ; wiktionary:bluff, Bluff (poker term) : from Dutch ''bluffen'' (="to brag, boast") or ''verbluffen'' (="to baffle, mislead")
/sup> ; wiktionary:bluff, Bluff (landscape feature) : from Dutch ''blaf'' (="flat, broad"), apparently a North Sea nautical term for ships with flat vertical bows, later extended to landscape features
/sup> ; wiktionary:blunderbuss, Blunderbuss : from Dutch ''donderbus'', from ''donder'' (="thunder") + ''bus'' (="gun," originally "box, tube"), altered by resemblance to ''blunder''
/sup> ; Boer (Dutch colonist in South Africa) : from Dutch ''boer'' (="farmer"), from Middle Dutch
/sup> ; Humphrey Bogart, Bogart: after

Humphrey Bogart Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), nicknamed Bogie, was an American film and stage actor. His performances in Classical Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon. In 1999, the American Film In ...

/sup>. ''Boomgaard'' means "orchard" ("tree-garden")
/sup>. ;

Bokkoms Bokkoms (or Bokkems) is whole, salted and dried Mullet (fish), mullet (more specifically the Southern mullet, ''Chelon richardsonii'', a type of fish commonly known in the Western Cape of South Africa as "harders"),HAT – Verklarende Handwoord ...

: from Dutch ''bokking'' (="buckling"), a type of salter fish ;

Boodle Boodle is a slang term for money derived from the Dutch word 'boedel' meaning property or estate. Afrikaans inherited the word and its meaning from the Dutch, which probably accounts for its widespread use for money amongst English-speaking Sout ...

: from Dutch ''boedel'' (="property")
/sup> ; Boom (sailing), Boom : from ''boom'' (="tree"); cognate to English ''beam''
/sup> ;

Boomslang The boomslang (, , or ; ''Dispholidus typus'') is a large, highly venomous snake in the family Colubridae. Taxonomy and etymology Its common name means "tree snake" in Afrikaans and Dutch – ''boom'' meaning "tree", and ''slang'' meaning "sna ...

: from ''boomslang'' (="tree snake"), a type of snake ;

Booze Booze may refer to: * Alcoholic beverage, by slang * Booze, North Yorkshire, a hamlet in England * Booze (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) See also * Boos (disambiguation) * Booz (disambiguation) * Boozer (disambigua ...

: from Middle Dutch ''busen'' (="to drink in excess");
/sup> according to JW de Vries ''busen'' is equivalent to ''buizen'' Het verhaal van een taal, negen eeuwen nederlands, http://www.pbo.nl ; wikt:boss, Boss : from ''baas''
/sup> ; Boulevard : from "''bolwerk''", which came as ''boulevard'' into French, then into English. "''Bolwerk''" was also directly borrowed as 'bulwark' ; Bow (front of a ship) : from Old Norse ''bogr'', Low German ''boog'' or Dutch ''boeg''
/sup> ; wiktionary:brackish, Brackish : from Middle Dutch or Low German ''brac'' (="salty", also "worthless")
/sup> ;

Brandy Brandy is a liquor produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically consumed as an after-dinner digestif. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks. Others are coloured with ...

(wine): from ''brandewijn'' (literally "burnt wine")
/sup> ; Brooklyn: after the town of

near Utrecht ;

Bruin Bruin, (from Dutch for "brown"), is an English folk term for brown bear. Bruin, Bruins or BRUIN may also refer to: Places * Lake Bruin, ox-bow lake of the Mississippi River located in northeastern Louisiana ** Lake Bruin State Park * Bruin, Ken ...

/Bruins: archaic English word for brown bear, derived from the Dutch word for brown ''bruin'' ; Buckwheat:from Middle Dutch ''boecweite'' (="beech wheat") because of its resemblance to grains and seed of beech wheat
/sup> ; wikt:bully, Bully : from ''boel'' (="lover", "brother")
/sup>. ; Bulwark (disambiguation), Bulwark : from ''bolwerk''
/sup> ; wiktionary:bumpkin, Bumpkin: from ''bommekijn'' ('little barrel')
/sup> ; wiktionary:bundle, Bundle : from Middle Dutch ''bondel'' or perhaps a merger of this word and Old English ''byndele'' ('binding')
/sup> ; wiktionary:bung, Bung : from Middle Dutch ''bonge'' (="stopper")
/sup> ;

Buoy A buoy () is a floating device that can have many purposes. It can be anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift with ocean currents. Types Navigational buoys * Race course marker buoys are used for buoy racing, the most prevalent form of yac ...

: from ''boei'' (="shackle" or "buoy")
/sup> ; wiktionary:bush, Bush (uncleared district of a British colony) : probably from Dutch ''bosch'', in the same sense, since it seems to appear first in former Dutch colonies
/sup>

C

; Caboose : from ''kambuis'' or ''kombuis'' (="ship's kitchen", "galley")
/sup> ; wiktionary:cam, Cam : from 18th century Dutch ''cam'' (''cog of a wheel", originally ''comb'', cognate of English ''comb'') or from English ''camber'' (''having a slight arch'')
/sup> ; Cockatoo : from ''kaketoe''
/sup> ; Cashier : from Middle Dutch ''cassier''
/sup> ; Coleslaw : from 18th century Dutch ''koolsla'' (''cabbage salad'')
/sup> ; Commodore (rank), Commodore : probably from Dutch ''kommandeur'', from French ''commandeur'', from Old French ''comandeor''
/sup> ;

Cookie A cookie is a baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet. It usually contains flour, sugar, egg, and some type of oil, fat, or butter. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, n ...

: from ''koekje'', or in informal Dutch ''koekie''
/sup> (="biscuit", "cookie") ;

Coney Island Coney Island is a peninsular neighborhood and entertainment area in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, Manhattan Beach to its east, L ...

: (English dialect word for ''Rabbit'') from ''Conyne Eylandt'' (literally "Rabbit Island"), in modern Dutch ''konijn'' and ''eiland''. ; Cramp : (metal bar bent at both ends) from Middle Dutch ''crampe'' or Middle Low German ''krampe''.
/sup> ;

Cricket Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striki ...

: from Old French ''criquet'' 'goal post', 'stick', perhaps from Middle Dutch ''cricke'' 'stick, staff'
/sup> ; wikt:crimp, Crimp : from Old English ''gecrympan'', perhaps reintroduced from Low German or Dutch ''krimpen'' (''to shrink'') ; Croon : via Scottish, from Middle Dutch ''kronen'' (= to lament, mourn)
/sup> ; wikt:cruise, Cruise : from Dutch ''kruisen'' (="to cross, sail to and fro"), from ''kruis'' (="cross")
/sup> ; Cruller : from 19th century Dutch ''krullen'' (''to curl'')
/sup>

D

; Dam : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ''dam'', or from Old Norse ''dammr''
/sup> ; wiktionary:dapper, Dapper : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ''dapper'' (''bold'', ''sturdy'')
/sup> ; Deck (disambiguation), Deck : from 16th century Middle Dutch ''dec'' or ''dekken'' (''to cover'')
/sup> ; Decoy : possibly from 16th century Dutch ''de'' (''the'') + ''kooi'' (''cage'', used of a pond surrounded by nets, into which wildfowl were lured for capture)
/sup>. Or from 16th century Dutch "eendekooi" (duck cage; a cage with an artificial duck to lure wild ducks); mistranslated as "een" dekooi; should have been read as "eend (duck)" -e- "kooi (cage)"-> a (article) dekooi -> (a) decoy ; Dock (maritime), Dock : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ''docke''
/sup> ; Dollar: from Dutch ''(Rijks)daalder'' ; Domineer : from late 16th century Dutch ''dominieren'' (''to rule''), based on Middle French ''dominer''
/sup> ; Illegal drugs, Dope : from American English ''dope'', based on Dutch ''doop'' (''sauce'') or ''dopen'' (''to dip'' or ''to baptise'')
/sup> ;

Dredge Dredging is the excavation of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing water features; reshaping land and water features to alter drainage, navigability, and commercial use; constructing da ...

: from Scottish ''dreg-boat'' (''boat for dredging''), perhaps based on Middle Dutch ''dregghe'' (''drag-net'')
/sup> ;

Drill A drill is a tool used for making round holes or driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either a drill or driverchuck. Hand-operated types are dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless battery-powered ones proliferating due to ...

(verb) : from 17th century Dutch ''drillen''
/sup> ; wiktionary:drug, Drug : from Old French ''drogue'', based on Middle Dutch ''droge-vate'' (''dry barrels'', with first element mistaken as word for the contents)
/sup> ;

Dune A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, f ...

: from French ''dune'', based on Middle Dutch ''dune''
/sup>

E

; Easel : from ''ezel'' (=originally (and still) "donkey"; "(schilders)ezel"=easel, lit. "painter's donkey")
/sup> ;

Elope Elopement is a term that is used in reference to a marriage which is conducted in a sudden and secretive fashion, usually involving a hurried flight away from one's place of residence together with one's beloved with the intention of getting ma ...

: from ''ontlopen'' (run away)
/sup> ; wikt:etch, Etch : from Dutch ''ets'' or ''etsen''
/sup> ; Excise (noun) : (="tax on goods") from Middle Dutch ''excijs'', apparently altered from ''accijns'' (="tax"); English got the word, and the idea for the tax, from the Netherlands.
/sup>

F

;

Filibuster A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out ...

: from Spanish ''filibustero'' from French ''flibustier'' ultimately from Dutch ''vrijbuiter'' (="pirate" or "freebooter")
/sup> ;

Flushing, Queens Flushing is a neighborhood in the north-central portion of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is the fourth-largest central business district in New York City. Downtown Flushing is a major commercial and retail area, and the ...

: from Vlissingen, a city in the Netherlands ;

Foist The fusta or fuste (also called foist) was a narrow, light and fast ship with shallow draft, powered by both oars and sail—in essence a small galley. It typically had 12 to 18 two-man rowing benches on each side, a single mast with a lateen ...

: from Dutch ''vuisten'' (="take in hand"), from Middle Dutch ''vuist'' (="fist")
/sup> ; Forlorn hope : from ''verloren hoop'' (literally "lost heap or group", figuratively "suicide mission," " cannon fodder")
/sup> Forlorn also has identical cognates in German and the Scandinavian languages. ; wiktionary:freebooter, Freebooter : from ''vrijbuiter''
/sup> ; Freight : from ''vracht''
/sup> ; wiktionary:frolic, Frolic : from ''vrolijk'' (="cheerful")
/sup> ; wiktionary:furlough, Furlough : from ''verlof'' (="permission (to leave)")
/sup>

G

; wiktionary:galoot, Galoot : (="awkward or boorish man"), originally a sailor's contemptuous word (="raw recruit, green hand") for soldiers or marines, of uncertain origin; "Dictionary of American Slang" proposes ''galut'', Sierra Leone creole form of Spanish ''galeoto'' (="galley slave"); perhaps rather Dutch slang ''kloot'' (="testicle"), ''klootzak'' (="scrotum"), used figuratively as an insult
/sup> ; Gas : from ''gas'', a neologism from

Jan Baptista van Helmont Jan Baptist van Helmont (; ; 12 January 1580 – 30 December 1644) was a chemist, physiologist, and physician from Brussels. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and the rise of iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered to be ...

, derived from the Greek chaos
/sup> ; Geek : from ''geck'' (gek) (="fool")
/sup>
/sup> ; Gherkin : from Dutch plural of ''gurk'' "cucumber", shortened form of East Frisian ''augurk''
/sup> ; wiktionary:gimp, Gimp (cord or thread) : from Dutch ''gimp''
/sup> ;

Gin Gin () is a distilled alcoholic drink that derives its flavour from juniper berries (''Juniperus communis''). Gin originated as a medicinal liquor made by monks and alchemists across Europe, particularly in southern Italy, Flanders and the Ne ...

: from ''jenever''
/sup> ; Gnu : from ''gnoe'', earlier ''t’gnu'', from a Khoikhoi word ; Golf : from ''kolf'' (="bat, club," but also a game played with these) ; Grab : from ''grijpen'' (="to seize, to grasp, to snatch")
/sup> ; wiktionary:gruff, Gruff : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ''grof'' (="coarse (in quality), thick, large")
/sup> ; Guilder : from ''

gulden ''Gulden'' is the historical German and Dutch term for gold coin (from Middle High German "golden penny" and Middle Dutch " golden florin"), equivalent to the English term guilder. Gulden, Gülden, Guldens or Gulden's may also refer to: Coins o ...

''
/sup>

H

; wiktionary:hale, Hale (verb) : (="drag, summon"), from Old Frankonian ''haler'' (="to pull, haul"), from Frankonian ''*halon'' or Old Dutch ''halen'', both from Proto Germanic
/sup> ; wiktionary:hankering, Hankering : from Middle Dutch ''hankeren'' or Dutch ''hunkeren''
/sup> ; Harlem : called after the city of

Haarlem Haarlem (; predecessor of ''Harlem'' in English) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Holland. Haarlem is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad, one of the most populated metropoli ...

near Amsterdam ; Hartebeest : from both Afrikaans (Hartebees) and Dutch (Hartenbeest) ; Hoboken : possibly named after the Flemish town Hoboken, from Middle Dutch ''Hooghe Buechen'' or ''Hoge Beuken'' (="High Beeches" or "Tall Beeches") ;

Howitzer A howitzer () is a long- ranged weapon, falling between a cannon (also known as an artillery gun in the United States), which fires shells at flat trajectories, and a mortar, which fires at high angles of ascent and descent. Howitzers, like ot ...

: from Dutch ''houwitzer'', which in turn comes from German ''Haussnitz'' and later ''Haubitze''. ; Hoist : possibly from Middle Dutch ''hijsen''
/sup> ; wiktionary:holster, Holster : from ''holster''
/sup> ; wiktionary:hooky, Hooky : from ''hoekje'' (=corner) in the sense of "to go around the corner"
/sup> ; wiktionary:hoyden, Hoyden : maybe from ''heiden'' (=backwoodsman), from Middle Dutch (=heathen)
/sup>

I

;

Iceberg An iceberg is a piece of freshwater ice more than 15 m long that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open (salt) water. Smaller chunks of floating glacially-derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits". The ...

: probably from Dutch ''ijsberg'' (literally 'ice mountain')
/sup> ; Ietsism: from Dutch ''ietsisme'' (literally: somethingism) an unspecified faith in an undetermined higher or supernatural power or force ;

Isinglass Isinglass () is a substance obtained from the dried swim bladders of fish. It is a form of collagen used mainly for the clarification or fining of some beer and wine. It can also be cooked into a paste for specialised gluing purposes. The E ...

: from Dutch ''huizenblas'' (No longer used) from Middle Dutch ''huusblase'', from ''huus'' sturgeon + ''blase'' bladder
/sup>

J

; wikt:jeer, Jeer (to deride, to mock) : Perhaps from Dutch gieren "to cry or roar," or German scheren "to plague, vex," literally "to shear"
/sup> ; wikt:jib, Jib (foresail of a ship) : from Dutch ''gijben'' (boom or spar of a sailing ship)
/sup>

K

;

Keelhauling Keelhauling (Dutch ''kielhalen''; "to drag along the keel") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors at sea. The sailor was tied to a line looped beneath the vessel, thrown overboard on one side of the ship, and d ...

: from ''kielhalen'' (literally "to haul keel")
/sup> ; Keeshond : prob. from special use of ''Kees'' (nickname corresponding to proper name ''Cornelis'') + ''hond'' "dog"
/sup> ;

Kill (body of water) A kill is a body of water, most commonly a creek, but also a tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea. The term is derived from the Middle Dutch ''kille'' (''kil'' in modern Dutch), meaning "riverbed" or "water channel".“kil” in The N ...

: from ''kil'' from Middle Dutch ''kille'' (literally "riverbed")
/sup> ; wikt:kink, Kink : from ''kink'' referring to a twist in a rope
/sup> ; Knapsack : from Middle Dutch ''knapzak'' (''snack'' + ''bag'')
/sup> ^{http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/knapzak} ; Knickerbocker (disambiguation), Knickerbocker : The pen-name was borrowed from Washington Irving's friend Herman Knickerbocker, and literally means "toy marble-baker." Also, descendants of Dutch settlers to New York are referred to as Knickerbockers and later became used in reference to a style of pants
/sup>

L

;

Landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the ...

: from 16th century Dutch ''landschap'' (''land'' + ''-ship'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:leak, Leak : possibly from Middle Dutch ''lekken'' (''to leak, to drip'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:loiter, Loiter : from Middle Dutch ''loteren''
/sup> ; Luck : from Middle Dutch ''luc'', shortening of ''gheluc'' (''happiness, good fortune'')
/sup>

M

; Whirlpool, Maelstrom : from 17th century Dutch ''mael'' + ''stroom'' (''turning'' + ''current''), possibly based on Old Norse ''mal(u)streymur''
/sup> ; wiktionary:manikin, Manikin : from Middle Dutch ''manneken'' (''little man'')
/sup> ; Mannequin : from French ''Mannequin'', based on Middle Dutch ''manneken'' (''little man'')
/sup> ;

Marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated o ...

: from Old French, based on Frankish (Old Dutch) ''marhskalk''
/sup> ; wikt:mart, Mart : from Middle Dutch ''markt'' (''market'')
/sup> ;

Measles Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus. Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than , cough, ...

: possibly from Middle Dutch ''mazelen'' (''blemish'')
/sup> ;

Meerkat MeerKAT, originally the Karoo Array Telescope, is a radio telescope consisting of 64 antennas in the Meerkat National Park, in the Northern Cape of South Africa. In 2003, South Africa submitted an expression of interest to host the Square Kilom ...

: from South African Dutch ''meer'' + ''kat'' (''lake'' + ''cat''), perhaps an alteration of Hindi ''markat'' (''ape'')
/sup> ; wiktionary:morass, Morass: from Middle Dutch ''marasch'' (''swamp''), partly based on Old French ''marais'' (''marsh''), in modern Dutch: moeras
/sup>

N

; wikt:nasty, Nasty : perhaps from Old French nastre "miserly, envious, malicious, spiteful," or from Dutch nestig "dirty," literally "like a bird's nest."
/sup>

O

; Offal : possibly from Middle Dutch ''afval'' (''leftovers'', ''rubbish'')
/sup> ; Onslaught (disambiguation), Onslaught : From Middle Dutch ''aanslag'' (''attack)
/sup>

P

; Patroon: from ''patroon'' (="patron")
/sup> ; wikt:Pickle, Pickle : c.1440, probably from Middle Dutch ''pekel''
/sup> ; Little finger, Pinkie : Pinkje/Pinkie
/sup> ; wiktionary:pit, Pit : the stone of a drupaceous fruit : from ''pit''
/sup> ; Plug (disambiguation), Plug : from ''plugge'', originally a maritime term.
/sup> ;

Polder A polder () is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity, enclosed by embankments known as dikes. The three types of polder are: # Land reclaimed from a body of water, such as a lake or the seabed # Flood plains s ...

: from ''polder'' ;

Poppycock Poppycock is a brand of candy, candied popcorn. Though it is marketed in a variety of combinations, the original mixture consists of clusters of popcorn, almonds, and pecans covered in a candy glaze. Other specialty combinations include mixtures ...

: from ''pappekak'' (=dialect for "soft dung")
/sup> ; Potassium : from ''potaschen'' c. 1477 see Potash ;

Pump A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they u ...

: from ''pomp''
/sup> ; wikt:puss, Puss : perhaps from early 16th century Dutch ''poes'' or Low German ''puus'' (pet name for cat), but probably much older than the record, because present in many Indo-European languages.
/sup>

Q

; Quackery, Quack : shortened from ''quacksalver'', from ''kwakzalver'' (literally "someone who daubs ointments")
/sup>

R

; wiktionary:roster, Roster : from ''rooster'' (="schedule, or grating/grill")
/sup> ; wiktionary:rover#Etymology 2, Rover: from ''rover'' (="robber")
/sup> ; Rucksack : from ''rugzak''

S

;

Santa Claus Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a Legend, legendary figure originating in Western Christianity, Western Christian culture who is said to Christmas gift-bringer, bring ...

: from Middle Dutch '' Sinterklaas'' (="Saint Nicholas"), bishop of Minor Asia who became a patron saint for children. (Dutch and Belgian feast celebrated on the 5th and 6 December respectively) ( Origins of Santa Claus in US culture)
/sup> ; School (fish), School (group of fish) : from Dutch ''school '' (group of fish)
/sup> ; Scone (bread), Scone : via Scottish, shortened from Middle Dutch ''schoonbrood'' "fine bread", from ''schoon'' (bright) + ''brood'' (bread)
/sup> ; Scow : from ''schouw'' (a type of boat)
/sup> ; wiktionary:scum, Scum (as in lowest class of humanity): from ''schuim'' (froth, foam)
/sup> ;

Shoal In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. It ...

: from Middle Dutch ''schole'' (="large number (of fish)") (modern Dutch: school) (etymology not sure) ;

Skate Skate or Skates may refer to: Fish *Skate (fish), several genera of fish belonging to the family Rajidae * Pygmy skates, several genera of fish belonging to the family Gurgesiellidae * Smooth skates or leg skates, several genera of fish belongin ...

: from ''schaats''. The noun was originally adopted as in Dutch, with 'skates' being the singular form of the noun; due to the similarity to regular English plurals this form was ultimately used as the plural while 'skate' was derived for use as singular."
/sup> ; Sketch (disambiguation), Sketch : from ''schets''
/sup> ; wiktionary:scour, Scour : from Middle Dutch ''scuren'' (now "schuren")
cognate of the English word "shower". ; Skipper (boating), Skipper : from Middle Dutch ''scipper'' (now ''schipper'', literally "shipper")
/sup> ; Sled, sleigh : from Middle Dutch ''slede'', slee
/sup> ; wikt:slim, Slim : "thin, slight, slender," from Dutch ''slim'' "bad, sly, clever," from Middle Dutch ''slim'' "bad, crooked,"
/sup> ;

Sloop A sloop is a sailboat with a single mast typically having only one headsail in front of the mast and one mainsail aft of (behind) the mast. Such an arrangement is called a fore-and-aft rig, and can be rigged as a Bermuda rig with triangular sa ...

: from ''sloep''
/sup> ; wiktionary:slurp, Slurp : from ''slurpen''
/sup> ; Fishing smack, Smack (boat) : possibly from ''smak'' "sailboat," perhaps so-called from the sound made by its sails
/sup> ;

Smearcase Cottage cheese is a curdled milk product with a mild flavor and a creamy, non-homogeneous, soupy texture. It is made from skimmed milk by draining the cheese, as opposed to pressing it to make cheese curd—retaining some of the whey and keeping t ...

: from ''smeerkaas'' (="cheese that can be spread over bread, cottage-cheese") ;

Smelt Smelt may refer to: * Smelting, chemical process * The common name of various fish: ** Smelt (fish), a family of small fish, Osmeridae ** Australian smelt in the family Retropinnidae and species ''Retropinna semoni'' ** Big-scale sand smelt ''At ...

: from ''smelten'' (="to melt")
/sup> ; wiktionary:smuggle, Smuggler : from Low German ''smukkelen'' and Dutch ''smokkelen'' (="to transport (goods) illegally"), apparently a frequentative formation of a word meaning "to sneak"
/sup> ;

Snack A snack is a small portion of food generally eaten between meals. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged snack foods and other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at home. Traditionally, snacks are p ...

: perhaps from Middle Dutch ''snakken'' (="to long" (''snakken naar lucht''="to gasp for air") originally "to eat"/"chatter")
/sup> ; wikt:snap, Snap : from Middle Dutch or Low German ''snappen'' (to bite, seize)http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/snap ; Snicker: from Dutch ''snikken'' (="to gasp, sob")
/sup> ; wikt:snoop, Snoop : from 19 century Dutch ''snoepen'' (to eat (possibly in secret) something sweet)
/sup> ; Snuff (tobacco), Snuff : from ''snuiftabak'' (literally "sniff tobacco")
/sup> ; wikt:splinter, Splinter : from ''splinter''
/sup> ; wikt:split, Split : from Middle Dutch ''splitten''
/sup> ; wiktionary:spook, Spook : from ''spook'' (="ghost(ly image)")
/sup> ; Spoor (animal), Spoor : from both Afrikaans and Dutch ''spoor'' (="track"/"trail") ; Stoker : from ''stoken'' (="stoke a fire")
/sup> ;

Still life A still life (plural: still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly wikt:inanimate, inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or artificiality, m ...

: from Dutch ''stilleven''
/sup> ; wiktionary:stoop, Stoop (steps) : from ''stoep'' (=road up a dike, usually right-angled)
/sup> ;

Stockfish Stockfish is unsalted fish, especially cod, dried by cold air and wind on wooden racks (which are called "hjell" in Norway) on the foreshore. The drying of food is the world's oldest known preservation method, and dried fish has a storage lif ...

: from Dutch ''stokvis'' (= "stick fish") ;

Stock In finance, stock (also capital stock) consists of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided.Longman Business English Dictionary: "stock - ''especially AmE'' one of the shares into which ownership of a company ...

: from Dutch ''stok'' (= "stick"). The Dutch word ''stok'', pronounced similarly, was a wooden stick with carvings taken out of it and then split in half, one half was kept at the stock exchange and the other half was proof that the owner owned a certain amount of stock in something. ; Stove : from Middle Dutch ''stove'' (="heated room"). The Dutch word ''stoof'', pronounced similarly, is a small (often wooden) box with holes in it. One would place glowing coals inside so it would emanate heat, and then put one's feet on top of it while sitting (in a chair) to keep one's feet warm.
/sup> ;

Sutler A sutler or victualer is a civilian merchant who sells provisions to an army in the field, in camp, or in quarters. Sutlers sold wares from the back of a wagon or a temporary tent, traveling with an army or to remote military outposts. Sutler wago ...

: from ''zoetelaar'' (="one who sweetens", sweetener, old-fashioned for "camp cook")
/sup> *Schooner

T

; Military tattoo, Tattoo (military term) : from ''taptoe'' (literally "close the tap"). So called because police used to visit taverns in the evening to shut off the taps of casks.
/sup> ; Tickle : from ''kietelen''
/sup> ; Trigger (firearms), Trigger : from ''trekker'' (Trekken ="to pull")
/sup>

U

; wikt:upsy-daisy, Upsy-daisy (baby talk extension of up) : from late 17th century Dutch ''op zijn'', and also occasionally as an adverb, "extremely"
/sup>

V

; wiktionary:vang, Vang : from Dutch ''vangen'' (=to catch) ; Veld : from

''veldt'', used in

South African English South African English (SAfrE, SAfrEng, SAE, en-ZA) is the set of English language dialects native to South Africans. History British settlers first arrived in the South African region in 1795, when they established a military holding op ...

to describe a field

W

; Waffle (noun) : from Dutch ''wafel'', from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ''wafel''
/sup> ; Walrus : from ''walrus''
/sup> ; Wagon : from Dutch ''wagen'', Middle Dutch ''waghen'' (= "cart, carriage, wagon")
/sup> ; Wentletrap : from Dutch ''wenteltrap'': ''wentelen'' (= "winding, spiraling") and ''trap'' (= "stairway") ; Wiggle : from ''wiggelen'' (= "to wobble, to wiggle") or ''wiegen'' (= "to rock")
/sup> ; Wildebeest : from Dutch "wilde" (= "wild") and "beest" (= "beast") ^Wildebeest ;

Witloof Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'') is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to the Old World, it has been introduced to North America and Austral ...

: from Belgian Dutch ''witloof'' (literally ''wit'' "white" + ''loof'' "foliage"), Dutch ''witlof''
/sup>

X

Y

; Yacht : from Dutch ''jacht'', short for ''jachtschip'' (literally "hunting ship")
/sup> ; Yankee : from ''Jan Kees'', a personal name, originally used mockingly to describe pro-French revolutionary citizens, with allusion to the small keeshond dog, then for "colonials" in

New Amsterdam New Amsterdam ( nl, Nieuw Amsterdam, or ) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The initial trading ''factory'' gave rise ...

. This is not the only possible etymology for the word yankee, however; the Oxford English Dictionary has quotes with the term from as early as 1765, quite some time before the French Revolution. Nowadays it commonly refers to Americans from the United States.
/sup>

Z

References

External links

Online Etymology DictionaryAlan Hope, "Talk the talk"
- article in Flanders Today on the influence of Dutch on other languages

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of English Words Of Dutch Origin English Dutch