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David Samuel Cohen (born July 13, 1966), better known as David X. Cohen, is an American television writer. He began working on ''
Beavis and Butt-Head ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' is an American adult animated series created by Mike Judge. The series follows Beavis and Butt-Head, both voiced by Judge, a pair of teenage slackers characterized by their apathy, lack of intelligence, lowbrow humor, ...
'', has written for ''
The Simpsons ''The Simpsons'' is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, ...
'', and served as the
head writer A head writer is a person who oversees the team of writers on a television or radio series. The title is common in the soap opera genre, as well as with sketch comedies and talk shows that feature monologues and comedy skits. In fictional comedy o ...
,
showrunner A showrunner (or colloquially a helmer) is the top-level executive producer of a television series production who has creative and management authority through combining the responsibilities of employer and, in comedy or dramas, typically also th ...
and
executive producer Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the making of a commercial entertainment product. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights o ...
of ''
Futurama ''Futurama'' is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of the professional slacker Philip J. Fry, who is cryogenically preserved for 1000 years a ...
'' and a producer of ''
Disenchantment In social science, disenchantment (german: Entzauberung) is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of religion apparent in modern society. The term was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller by Max Weber to describe the character of a moderni ...
''.


Early life

Cohen was born in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
as David S. Cohen. He changed his middle initial around the time ''Futurama'' debuted due to Writers' Guild policies prohibiting more than one member from having the same name. Both of his parents were
biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...
s, and growing up Cohen had always planned to be a scientist, though he also enjoyed writing and drawing cartoons. Cohen is of
Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
background. Cohen graduated from
Dwight Morrow High School Dwight Morrow High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school located in Englewood, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, operating as part of the Englewood Public School District. The school also serves students from Engle ...
in
Englewood, New Jersey Englewood is a city in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, which at the 2020 United States census had a population of 29,308. Englewood was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17, 1899, from por ...
, where he wrote the humor column for the high school paper and was a member of the school's state champion mathematics team. Cohen graduated from
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
with a
B.A. Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four years ...
in
physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
, and the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
, with a
M.S. A Master of Science ( la, Magisterii Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree. In contrast to ...
in
computer science Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to Applied science, practical discipli ...
. At Harvard, he wrote for and served as President of the ''
Harvard Lampoon ''The Harvard Lampoon'' is an undergraduate humor publication founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Overview The ''Harvard Lampoon'' publication was founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates ...
''. In high school Cohen wrote in
MOS 6502 The MOS Technology 6502 (typically pronounced "sixty-five-oh-two" or "six-five-oh-two") William Mensch and the moderator both pronounce the 6502 microprocessor as ''"sixty-five-oh-two"''. is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by a small te ...
assembly language In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence be ...
an
Apple II The Apple II (stylized as ) is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It was designed primarily by Steve Wozniak; Jerry Manock developed the design of Apple II's foam-m ...
compiler and computer game, and unsuccessfully tried to publish the latter through
Broderbund Broderbund Software, Inc. (stylized as Brøderbund) was an American maker of video games, educational software, and productivity tools. Broderbund is best known for the 8-bit video game hits ''Choplifter'', ''Lode Runner'', ''Karateka'', and '' ...
. His most notable academic publication concerned the theoretical computer science problem of
pancake sorting Pancake sorting is the mathematical problem of sorting a disordered stack of pancakes in order of size when a spatula can be inserted at any point in the stack and used to flip all pancakes above it. A ''pancake number'' is the minimum number o ...
.


Writing career

After three years of graduate school, Cohen took a leave of absence and started writing sample TV scripts. In 1992, this landed him a job writing two of the earliest ''
Beavis and Butt-Head ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' is an American adult animated series created by Mike Judge. The series follows Beavis and Butt-Head, both voiced by Judge, a pair of teenage slackers characterized by their apathy, lack of intelligence, lowbrow humor, ...
'' episodes. In 1993, Cohen began working on ''The Simpsons'', writing or co-writing thirteen episodes. Nearly five years later, Cohen would team with
Matt Groening Matthew Abram Groening ( ; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, and animator. He is the creator of the comic strip ''Life in Hell'' (1977–2012) and the television series ''The Simpsons'' (1989–present), ''Fut ...
to develop ''Futurama'', where he served as writer or co-writer of seven episodes and
executive producer Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the making of a commercial entertainment product. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights o ...
, head writer, and showrunner of the series' entire run. Cohen has won four
Primetime Emmy Award The Primetime Emmy Awards, or Primetime Emmys, are part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the American television industry. Bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), the Primetime ...
s: Two for ''Futurama'' and two for ''The Simpsons''.


''Futurama''

Cohen co-developed ''Futurama'', along with ''The Simpsons'' creator
Matt Groening Matthew Abram Groening ( ; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, and animator. He is the creator of the comic strip ''Life in Hell'' (1977–2012) and the television series ''The Simpsons'' (1989–present), ''Fut ...
. Cohen served as head writer, executive producer, showrunner, and voice director of the series. He was also the voice director of the ''Futurama'' video game. After spending a few years researching
science fiction Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel unive ...
, Groening got together with Cohen in 1997 and developed ''Futurama'', an animated series about life in the year 3000. By the time they pitched the series to
Fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...
in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and storylines; Groening claimed they had "gone overboard" in their discussions. Groening described trying to get the show on the air as "by far the worst experience of isgrown-up life". The show premiered on March 28, 1999. After four years on the air, the series was canceled by Fox. In a situation similar to the animated ''
Family Guy ''Family Guy'' is an American animated sitcom originally conceived and created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The show centers around the Griffin family, Griffins, a dysfunctional family consisting of parents Peter Griff ...
'', however, strong DVD sales and very stable ratings on
Comedy Central Comedy Central is an American basic cable channel owned by Paramount Global through its network division's MTV Entertainment Group unit, based in Manhattan. The channel is geared towards young adults aged 18–34 and carries comedy programming ...
brought Futurama back to life. When
Comedy Central Comedy Central is an American basic cable channel owned by Paramount Global through its network division's MTV Entertainment Group unit, based in Manhattan. The channel is geared towards young adults aged 18–34 and carries comedy programming ...
began negotiating for the rights to air ''Futurama'' reruns, Fox suggested that there was a possibility of also creating new episodes. When Comedy Central committed to sixteen new episodes, it was decided that four
straight-to-DVD Direct-to-video or straight-to-video refers to the release of a film, TV series, short or special to the public immediately on home video formats rather than an initial theatrical release or television premiere. This distribution strategy was p ...
films—''
Bender's Big Score ''Futurama: Bender's Big Score'' (or ''Bender's Big Score'') is a 2007 American adult animated science fiction comedy-adventure film based on the animated series ''Futurama''. It was released in the United States on November 27, 2007. It was the ...
'' (2007), ''
The Beast with a Billion Backs ''Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs'' is a 2008 American direct-to-video adult animated science-fiction comedy- adventure film based on the animated series '' Futurama'', and the second of four straight-to-DVD films that make up the show's ...
'' (2008), ''
Bender's Game ''Futurama: Bender's Game'' is a 2008 American direct-to-video adult animated science fantasy comedy film and the third of the four '' Futurama'' films that make up the show's fifth season. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 4, 2008. ...
'' (2008) and ''
Into the Wild Green Yonder ''Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder'' is a 2009 American direct-to-video adult animated science fiction comedy- adventure film based on the animated series '' Futurama'', and the fourth and final of the direct-to-DVD films that make up the show' ...
'' (2009)—would be produced. Since no new ''Futurama'' projects were in production, the movie ''Into the Wild Green Yonder'' was designed to stand as the Futurama series finale. However, Groening had expressed a desire to continue the ''Futurama'' franchise in some form, including as a theatrical film. In an interview with CNN, Groening said that "we have a great relationship with Comedy Central and we would love to do more episodes for them, but I don't know... We're having discussions and there is some enthusiasm but I can't tell if it's just me." Comedy Central picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes that began airing in mid-2010. Cohen told ''
Newsday ''Newsday'' is an American daily newspaper that primarily serves Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, although it is also sold throughout the New York metropolitan area. The slogan of the newspaper is "Newsday, Your Eye on LI", and f ...
'' in August 2009 that the reported 26-episode order means " will be up to 26. I can't guarantee it will be 26. But I think there's a pretty good chance it'll be exactly 26. Fox has been a little bit cagey about it, even internally. But nobody's too concerned. We're plunging ahead." Lovece, Frank
"'Futurama' finds a new future on Comedy Central"
''
Newsday ''Newsday'' is an American daily newspaper that primarily serves Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, although it is also sold throughout the New York metropolitan area. The slogan of the newspaper is "Newsday, Your Eye on LI", and f ...
'', August 28, 2009 (posted online August 27, 2009)
Two episodes were in the process of being voice-recorded at that time, with an additional "six scripts ... in the works, ranging in scale from 'it's a crazy idea that someone's grandmother thought of' to 'it's all on paper'. ..."The first episode is tentatively titled 'Rebirth' — and in a surprisingly literal fashion, as things turn out". It aired June 24 on Comedy Central. Cohen designed one of the robots in the robot strip club which he said was "his one artistic contribution to the show". The robot's waist gyrated sexily using a
planetary gear An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates the planet and sun gea ...
. In an episode's commentary, this artistic contribution is discussed by ''Futurama'' co-creator Matt Groening, who describes Cohen as being very particular about how the animators used his design, and that Cohen's original drawing is still framed in his office. He makes some brief cameo appearances in cartoon form, first in the ''Futurama'' episode "
A Bicyclops Built for Two "A Bicyclops Built for Two" is the ninth episode in the second season of the American animated television series ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 19, 2000. Plot The Professor announces to the Pla ...
", along with several other people who worked on the show, and second on "
I Dated a Robot "I Dated a Robot" is the fifteenth episode in the third season of the American animated television series '' Futurama'', and the 47th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 13, 2001. Plot ...
" as a member of the
eBay eBay Inc. ( ) is an American multinational e-commerce company based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website. eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995 and became a ...
audience. Both appearances are pointed out during DVD commentaries.


Name change

When the FOX primetime animated shows unionized in 1998, Cohen was forced to use a different name for professional purposes, as there was already another member credited as David S. Cohen (who worked on ''
Courage the Cowardly Dog ''Courage the Cowardly Dog'' is an American animated comedy horror television series created by John R. Dilworth for Cartoon Network and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television. It was produced by Dilworth's animation studio, Stretch Fil ...
''). The
Writers Guild of America The Writers Guild of America is the joint efforts of two different US labor unions representing TV and film writers: * The Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE), headquartered in New York City and affiliated with the AFL–CIO * The Writers Guil ...
does not allow multiple members to use the same name for onscreen credits. Instead of using his full middle name, he chose to use the middle initial "X"—because it sounded "
sci-fi Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universe ...
-ish"—and has jokingly said that the "X" would make him "the David Cohen people would remember". The "X" does not actually stand for anything, but Cohen included a period "so people don't think it's some mathematical formula: 'David times Cohen' or something".


Writing credits

Cohen is credited with writing or co-writing the following episodes:


''Disenchantment''

*"For Whom the Pig Oinks" (2018) *"Stairway To Hell" (2019)


''Futurama''

*"
Space Pilot 3000 "Space Pilot 3000" is the pilot episode of the American animated television series ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 28, 1999. The episode focuses on the cryogenic freezing of the series protagoni ...
" (with
Matt Groening Matthew Abram Groening ( ; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, and animator. He is the creator of the comic strip ''Life in Hell'' (1977–2012) and the television series ''The Simpsons'' (1989–present), ''Fut ...
) (1999) *"
Xmas Story "Xmas Story" is the fourth episode in the second season of ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 19, 1999. The episode was written by David X. Cohen and directed by Peter Avanzino. John Goodman gues ...
" (1999) *"
Anthology of Interest I "Anthology of Interest I" is episode sixteen in season two of ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 21, 2000. This episode, as well as the later "Anthology of Interest II", serves to showcase three "imag ...
" (Part 3) (2000) *"
The Day the Earth Stood Stupid "The Day the Earth Stood Stupid" is the seventh episode in season three of ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 18, 2001. The title of this episode is a play on the title of the 1951 science fiction ...
" (shared story credits with
Jeff Westbrook Jeff Westbrook is a TV writer best known for his work on ''The Simpsons'' and ''Futurama'', for which he is a three-time winner of the WGA Award. Education and pre-TV Prior to becoming a TV writer, Westbrook was a successful algorithms researche ...
) (2001) *"
Anthology of Interest II "Anthology of Interest II" is the 18th episode of ''Futurama''s Futurama (season 3), third season . It originally aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox network in the United States on January 6, 2002. This episode, as well as the earlier "Ant ...
" (Part 2) (2002) *"
The Why of Fry "The Why of Fry" is the tenth episode in the fourth season of the American animated television series ''Futurama''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 6, 2003. The episode was written by David X. Cohen and direc ...
" (2003) *''
Bender's Big Score ''Futurama: Bender's Big Score'' (or ''Bender's Big Score'') is a 2007 American adult animated science fiction comedy-adventure film based on the animated series ''Futurama''. It was released in the United States on November 27, 2007. It was the ...
'' (story with
Ken Keeler Ken Keeler is an American television producer and writer. He has written for numerous television series, most notably ''The Simpsons'' and '' Futurama''. According to an interview with David X. Cohen, he proved a theorem that appears in the ''Fu ...
) (2008) *''
The Beast with a Billion Backs ''Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs'' is a 2008 American direct-to-video adult animated science-fiction comedy- adventure film based on the animated series '' Futurama'', and the second of four straight-to-DVD films that make up the show's ...
'' (story with
Eric Kaplan Eric Kaplan is an American television writer and producer. His work has included shows such as ''Late Show with David Letterman'', ''Andy Richter Controls the Universe'', ''Malcolm in the Middle'', ''Futurama'', ''The Simpsons'' and ''Rick and M ...
) (2008) *''
Bender's Game ''Futurama: Bender's Game'' is a 2008 American direct-to-video adult animated science fantasy comedy film and the third of the four '' Futurama'' films that make up the show's fifth season. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 4, 2008. ...
'' (both story and part 4 of the teleplay) (2009) *''
Into the Wild Green Yonder ''Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder'' is a 2009 American direct-to-video adult animated science fiction comedy- adventure film based on the animated series '' Futurama'', and the fourth and final of the direct-to-DVD films that make up the show' ...
'' (story with Ken Keeler; Parts 1 & 4) (2009) *"
Rebirth Rebirth may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Film * ''Rebirth'' (2011 film), a 2011 Japanese drama film * ''Rebirth'' (2016 film), a 2016 American thriller film * ''Rebirth'', a documentary film produced by Project Rebirth * ''The Re ...
" (2010) *"
Free Will Hunting "Free Will Hunting" is the ninth episode of the Futurama (season 7), seventh season of the animated sitcom ''Futurama''. It originally aired on Comedy Central on August 8, 2012. The episode was written by David X. Cohen and directed by Raymie Muz ...
" (2012)


''The Simpsons''

*"
Treehouse of Horror V "Treehouse of Horror V" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons'', and the fifth episode in the ''Treehouse of Horror'' series. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States ...
" ("Nightmare Cafeteria") (1994) *"
Lisa the Vegetarian "Lisa the Vegetarian" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 15, 1995. In the episode, Lisa decides to stop ...
" (1995) *"
Treehouse of Horror VI "Treehouse of Horror VI" is the sixth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons'', and the sixth episode in the ''Treehouse of Horror'' series. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on ...
" ("Homer3") (1995) *"
22 Short Films About Springfield "22 Short Films About Springfield" is the twenty-first episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 14, 1996.. It was written by ...
" (co-contributor) (1996) *"
Much Apu About Nothing "Much Apu About Nothing" is the twenty-third episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 5, 1996. In the episode, a referendum is p ...
" (1996) *"
Treehouse of Horror VII "Treehouse of Horror VII" is the first episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 27, 1996. In the seventh annual ''Treehouse of ...
" ("Citizen Kang") (1996) *"
The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show" is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 9, 1997. In the episode, ''T ...
" (1997) *"
The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase" is the twenty-fourth and penultimate episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 11, 1997. The episo ...
" ("Chief Wiggum, P.I.") (1997) *"
Treehouse of Horror VIII "Treehouse of Horror VIII" is the fifth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 26, 1997. In the eighth annual ''Treehouse of Horror ...
" ("Fly vs. Fly") (1997) *"
Lisa the Skeptic "Lisa the Skeptic" is the eighth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 23, 1997. On an archaeological dig with her class, Lisa ...
" (1997) *"
Das Bus "Das Bus" is the fourteenth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 15, 1998. In an extended parody of ''Lord of the Flies'', Bart, Lisa, ...
" (1998) *"
Bart the Mother "Bart the Mother" is the third episode of the tenth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 27, 1998. In the episode, Bart accidentally kills a ...
" (1998) *"
Treehouse of Horror IX "Treehouse of Horror IX" is the fourth episode of the tenth season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 25, 1998. This is the ninth ''Treehouse of Horror'' ...
" ("Starship Poopers") (1998) *"
Podcast News "Podcast News" is the sixth episode of the thirty-second season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 15, 2020. In the episode, Grampa Simpson is acc ...
" (2020)


''Beavis and Butt-head''

*"Couch Fishing" *"Plate Frisbee" Cohen has also been credited with inventing the word "
cromulent "Lisa the Iconoclast" is the sixteenth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 18, 1996. In this episode, Lisa writes an e ...
", meaning "valid" or "acceptable" in ''The Simpsons'' episode "
Lisa the Iconoclast "Lisa the Iconoclast" is the sixteenth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series ''The Simpsons''. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 18, 1996. In this episode, Lisa writes an e ...
". Subsequently, the word was included in Webster’s New Millennium Dictionary. The meaning of ''cromulent'' is inferred only from its usage, which indicates that it is a positive attribute. Webster's Dictionary defines it as meaning "fine" or "acceptable".


See also

* Burnt pancake graph


References


External links

*
IGN Interview With David X. Cohen


* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20080509064704/http://www.mathsci.appstate.edu/~sjg/futurama/dxcinterview.html An Interview About Math in ''Futurama'' with David X. Cohen, by Dr. Sarah Greenwald* {{DEFAULTSORT:Cohen, David X. 1966 births Living people Dwight Morrow High School alumni The Harvard Lampoon alumni People from Englewood, New Jersey American male screenwriters American male television writers Primetime Emmy Award winners American voice directors UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni Screenwriters from New Jersey Jewish American writers 21st-century American Jews