Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone

The ''Cistecephalus'' Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the Teekloof Formation north-west of Beaufort West in the Western Cape, in the upper Middleton and lower Balfour Formations respectively from Colesberg of the Northern Cape to east of Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape. The ''Cistecephalus'' Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Late Permian in age.

The name of the biozone refers to ''Cistecephalus'', a small, burrowing dicynodont therapsid. It is characterized by the presence of this species, known especially from the upper sections of this biozone, and the first appearance of the dicynodont ''Aulacephalodon''.

History

The first fossils to be found in the Beaufort Group rocks that encompass the current eight biozones were discovered by Andrew Geddes Bain in 1856. However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the Beaufort Group could be differentiated based on their fossil taxa. The initial undertaking was done by Harry Govier Seeley who subdivided the Beaufort Group into three biozones, which he named (from oldest to youngest):
* Zone of “Pareiasaurians”
* Zone of “Dicynodonts”
* Zone of “highly specialized group of theriodonts”

These proposed biozones Seeley named were subdivided further by Robert Broom between 1906 and 1909. Broom proposed the following biozones (from oldest to youngest):
* ''Pareiasaurus'' beds
* ''Endothiodon'' beds
* '' Kistecephalus'' beds
* '' Lystrosaurus'' beds
* ''Procolophon'' beds
* '' Cynognathus'' beds

These biozone divisions were approved by paleontologists of the time and were left largely unchanged for several decades. The ''Cistecephalus'' Assemblage Zone was first coined by Robert Broom in 1906, where Broom referred to the rock layers ''Cistecephalus'' fossils were found in as the “Kistecephalus beds”. The biozone was originally assigned to a far more broader stratigraphic range between the uppermost occurrence of ''Endothiodon'' and the lowermost of '' Lystrosaurus''. Decades later, James Kitching revised the biostratigraphic ranges of the Beaufort Group. Kitching observed that ''Cistecephalus'' fossils were most abundant in a narrow band at the very top of the biozone. He named this area the ''"Cistecephalus'' acme zone” or “''Cistecephalus'' Band”. Later, researchers sought to redefine the biozone again as ''Cistecephalus'' fossils are extremely rare apart from the uppermost portion. It was suggested that, due to the biozone containing the first appearance of ''Aulacephalodon'' and its fossils being found throughout, the biozone should be renamed to the ''Aulacephalodon'' Assemblage Zone. The biozone was then, for a brief time, renamed the ''Aulacephalodon-Cistecephalus'' Assemblage Zone. However, due to the biozone first being named after ''Cistecephalus'', the initial nomenclature of the biozone later overruled its renaming on historical grounds.

Lithology

The ''Cistecephalus'' Assemblage Zone is located in the lower portion of the Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, in the upper Middleton Formation and lower Balfour Formation east of 24°E. These formations all fall within the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, sediments of which were formed in a large retroarc foreland basin in southwestern Gondwana. The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstone, mudrock layers containing mudstone, siltstone, and fine sandstone. The sandstones are thought to have been deposited in broad alluvial plains where low-sinuosity streams flowed, while the mudrock accumulated on the floodplains that flanked these streams.

The majority of the fossils in the biozone are found in these interchannel mudrock layers as animal remains that came to rest on the floodplains were quickly buried by alluvial sediments washed downstream. Articulated fossils are not commonly found. However, isolated skulls are fairly common and are usually found encased in calcareous nodules. Fossils not encased in nodules are often fragmented. In addition, Jurassic-aged dolerite sheet and dike intrusions into the Beaufort Group have affected the uniformity in colour and texture of the biozone rocks in areas. This includes the colour of the fossilized bones, which range from a smooth, white appearance to being nearly black depending on their proximity to the dolerite intrusions.

Paleontology

The ''Cistecephalus'' biozone is well known for its diversity of fossil fauna, especially of therapsid species. It is arranged into lower and upper zones due to the appearance or frequency of certain fossils. The lower zones are characterized by the first appearance of the dicynodont species ''Aulacephalodon'' and ''Oudenodon''. Other species found are the Biarmosuchian therapsid ''Herpetoskylax'', Burnetiamorph species namely ''Lemurosaurus'', and numerous Gorgonopsian species such as '' Lycaenops'', '' Rubidgea'', and '' Dinogorgon''. In addition species of Dicynodonts such as ''Endothiodon'' and ''Diictodon'', Therocephalians, Pareiasaurs, and rare occurrences of parareptiles such as ''Owenetta'' and '' Milleretta'' have been found in the upper zones. The temnospondyl amphibian '' Rhinesuchus'', and some fish and plant species have also been found. A dicynodont track way is also known in an outcrop of the biozone east of Graaff-Reinet. ''Cistecephalus'' fossils are rare until the uppermost portion of the biozone where the “''Cistecephalus'' Band” is located.

Correlations

Correlations in biostratigraphy have been made with the ''Cistecephalus'' zone to geological formations outside of South Africa. An ''Endothiodon'' snout was discovered in the Rio do Rasto Formation in Brazil, and ''Cistecephalus'' fossils have been found in Madumabisa Mudstone in Zambia. Recently, a new cistecephalid dicynodont was discovered in the Kundaram Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley in India. The zone also correlates with the Malokinelskaya and Vyazovskaya Formations of Russia.

See also

* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
* Geology of South Africa
* Fremouw Formation

References

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South African assemblage zones
Permian South Africa
Wuchiapingian