Betula nana upernavik kujalleq 2007-07-25 1

The Circumboreal Region in

phytogeography Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution ...

is a

floristic region A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both r ...

within the

Holarctic Kingdom The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

and North America, as delineated by such geobotanists as

Josias Braun-Blanquet Josias Braun-Blanquet (3 August 1884 – 20 September 1980) was an influential phytosociologist and botanist. Braun-Blanquet was born in Chur, Switzerland and died in Montpellier, France. Biography Work In Josias Braun-Blanquet's dissertation, s ...

and Armen Takhtajan. It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S. ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, as well as North

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...

(as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern

New England New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York (state), New York to the west and by the Can ...

Michigan Michigan () is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the List of U.S. states and ...

Minnesota Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...

, and the Turtle Mountains of

North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, So ...

. Northern portions of the region include polar desert,

taiga Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruc ...

and

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mou ...

biomes. Many

geobotanist Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution o ...

s divide Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. ''

Betula nana ''Betula nana'', the dwarf birch, is a species of birch in the family Betulaceae, found mainly in the tundra of the Arctic region. Description It is a monoecious, deciduous shrub growing up to high. The bark is non-peeling and shiny red-copp ...

'', ''

Alnus viridis ''Alnus alnobetula'' is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. Many sources refer to it as ''Alnus viridis'', the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with ''Alnus alno ...

'', ''

Vaccinium vitis-idaea ''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'', the lingonberry, partridgeberry, mountain cranberry or cowberry, is a small evergreen shrub in the heath family Ericaceae, that bears edible fruit. It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Norther ...

'', ''

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'' is a plant species of the genus ''Arctostaphylos'' widely distributed across circumboreal regions of the subarctic Northern Hemisphere. Kinnikinnick ( First Nations for "smoking mixture") is a common name in Canada ...

''). The flora was severely impoverished during

glaciation A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate be ...

s in the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic, North American Atlantic,

Rocky Mountain The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico in ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...

and

Irano-Turanian Region The Irano-Turanian Region is a floristic region located within the Tethyan Subkingdom of the Holarctic Kingdom. It is divided into 12 floristic provinces according to the work of Armen Takhtajan, a Soviet-Armenian botanist who created a classifi ...

s. There are no biological

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

to this region, but it has endemic genera (e.g. ''

Lunaria ''Lunaria'', common names honesty, dollar plant, money-in-both-pockets, money plant, moneywort, moonwort, and silver dollar; is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to central and southern Europe and North Americ ...

'', '' Borodinia'', '' Gorodkovia'', '' Redowskia'', ''

Soldanella The genus ''Soldanella'', commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species of flowering plants native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans. They grow in woods, damp pa ...

'', '' Physospermum'', ''

Astrantia ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family (biology), family Apiaceae, native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, leaf s ...

'', '' Thorella'', ''

Pulmonaria ''Pulmonaria'' (lungwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species (''P. mollissima'') east to central Asia. According to various estimates there may be between 10 and 18 spe ...

'', '' Erinus'', '' Ramonda'', '' Haberlea'', ''

Stratiotes ''Stratiotes'' is a genus of submerged aquatic plant commonly known as water soldiers, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753. Several specific names have been coined within the genus, but at present only one is recognized: '' Stratiotes aloi ...

'', '' Telekia'') and many endemic

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, especially in the mountains.

Floristic provinces

It is subdivided into a number of

floristic provinces A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both r ...

. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian, Altai-Sayan, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. *Arctic Province (

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland i ...

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

, northern treeless parts of

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

and

, all the

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...

Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. '' Ranunculus sabinei'', '' Papaver polare'', ''

Salix arctica ''Salix arctica'', the Arctic willow, is a tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae). It is adapted to survive in Arctic conditions, specifically tundras. Description ''S. arctica'' is typically a low shrub growing to only in height, rarely to ...

'', '' Colpodium vahlianum'', '' Сolpodium wrightii'', '' Puccinellia angustata'') *Atlantic European Province (

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

Andorra , image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...

, parts of

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

and Norway), with two endemic genera ('' Petrocoptis'' and '' Thorella''), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis claviculata'', ''

Ulex europaeus ''Ulex europaeus'', the gorse, common gorse, furze or whin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the British Isles and Western Europe. Description Growing to tall, it is an evergreen shrub. The young stems are g ...

'', '' Genista anglica'', '' Deschampsia setacea'') *Central European Province (

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

, Switzerland,

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...

, parts of

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia,

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

, Latvia, Lithuania,

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The unrecognised state of Transnistr ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

), with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Rhizobotrya'', '' Hladnikia'', '' Berardia'') and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum paniculatum'', ''

Dianthus alpinus ''Dianthus alpinus'', the alpine pink, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, endemic to the Alps of Eastern Austria. It is a short (2–10 cm high) mat-forming herbaceous perennial, with linear to lanceolate leaves, ...

'', ''

Rhododendron hirsutum ''Rhododendron hirsutum'', commonly known as the hairy alpenrose is one of the species of ''Rhododendron'' native to the mountains of Europe. It occurs widely in the Alps except for the southwestern region (approximately south and west of the Ma ...

'', '' Soldanella carpatica'', '' Rosa abietina'', '' Saxifraga muscoides'', '' Trifolium saxatile'', '' Chaerophyllum villarsii'', '' Heracleum carpaticum'', '' Syringa josikaea'', '' Valeriana tripteris'', '' Campanula zoysii'', '' Campanula carpatica'', '' Pulmonaria filarzkyana'', '' Leontopodium alpinum'', ''

Narcissus poeticus Narcissus may refer to: Biology * Narcissus (plant), ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others People * Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character * Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor C ...

'', '' Narcissus angustifolius'', '' Gymnadenia albida'', '' Carex carvula'', '' Calamagrostis villosa'') *Illyrian Province (

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...

Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a partially recognised state in Southeast Euro ...

Republic of Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...

, parts of Slovenia, Croatia,

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

and

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

) with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Haberlea'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Ramonda heldreichii ''Ramonda heldreichii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly treated as ''Jankaea heldreichii'', the only member of the monotypic genus ''Jankaea''. It is Endemism, endemic to Mount Olympus in Greece where i ...

'', ''

Ramonda nathaliae ''Ramonda nathaliae'', also known as Natalie's ramonda ( sr, Наталијина рамонда / , mk, Наталиева рамонда, Natalieva ramonda), is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Ramonda'' that grows in Serbia, North ...

'', ''

Ramonda serbica ''Ramonda serbica'', also known as Serbian ramonda and Serbian phoenix flower, is a species in the family Gesneriaceae. It is one of the few European representatives of this family, found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia and Serbia. ...

'', '' Picea omorika'', ''

Pinus heldreichii ''Pinus heldreichii'' (synonym ''P. leucodermis''; family Pinaceae), the Bosnian pine or Heldreich’s pine, is a species of pine native to mountainous areas of the Balkans and southern Italy. Description It is an evergreen tree up to in height ...

'', ''

Pinus peuce ''Pinus peuce'' (Macedonian pine or Balkan pine) (Serbo-Croatian/ Macedonian: молика, molika; Bulgarian: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of pine native to the mountains of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, the ...

'', ''

Rheum rhaponticum ''Rheum rhaponticum'', the false rhubarb, rhapontic rhubarb or rhapontic, is a plant species in the genus '' Rheum'' found in the wild. It is the only ''Rheum'' species found only in Europe, and is now restricted to the Rila mountain range in sou ...

'', '' Aesculus hippocastanum'', '' Forsythia europaea'', '' Lathraea rhodopea'', '' Wulfenia baldacci'', '' Solenanthus scardicus'', '' Amphoricarpus neumayeri'', '' Narthecium scardicum'', '' Dioscorea balcanica'') *Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey,

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

and Russia around the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

), with two endemic genera ('' Chymsidia'' and '' Megacaryon'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Abies nordmanniana ''Abies nordmanniana'', the Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir, is a fir indigenous to the mountains south and east of the Black Sea, in Turkey, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus. It occurs at altitudes of 900–2,200 m on mountains with pre ...

'', '' Epimedium pubigerum'', ''

Quercus pontica ''Quercus pontica'', the Pontine oak or Armenian oak, is a species of endangered oak currently extant to the western Caucasus mountains of Georgia and northeastern Turkey where it grows at altitudes of . Description ''Quercus pontica'' is a deci ...

'', '' Quercus hartwissiana'', '' Веtula medwedewii'', '' Вetula megrelica'', ''

Corylus colchica ''Corylus colchica'' also known as ''Corylus iberica'' is a species of hazelnut endemic to Armenia and Georgia in the Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, ...

'', '' Сorylus pontica'', '' Paeonia wittmanniana'', '' Hypericum bupleuroides'', ''

Hypericum xylosteifolium ''Hypericum xylosteifolium'' is a flowering plant in the St. John's wort family, Hypericaceae. It is the only species in ''Hypericum'' sect. ''Inodora''. Distribution The species is found in northeast Turkey and southwest Georgia Georgia most ...

'', '' Rhododendron ungernii'', '' Rhododendron smirnovii'', '' Epigaea gaultherioides'', '' Primula megaseifolia'', '' Cyclamen adsharicum'', '' Andrachne colchica'', '' Trapa colchica'', ''

Staphylea colchica ''Staphylea colchica'', the Caucasian bladdernut, Colchis bladdernut, or ka, ჯონჯოლი, or , is an ornamental shrub in the Staphyleaceae family. It is native to western Georgia. Its binomial name is derived from the western Georgi ...

'', '' Hedera colchica'', ''

Astrantia pontica ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, palmate leaves, and decorative flowers. They are comm ...

'', ''

Heracleum mantegazzianum ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. ''H. mantegazzianum'' is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogsb ...

'', '' Seseli rupicola'', '' Rhamnus imeretinus'', ''

Osmanthus decorus ''Osmanthus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia ( China, Japan, Korea, Indochina, the Himalayas, etc.),and wa ...

'', ''

Trachystemon orientale ''Trachystemon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. Its native range is Bulgaria to Turkey. It is a monotypic genus, with the only member being ''Trachystemon orientalis''(L.) D.Don. Trachystemon orientalis ' ...

'', ''

Rhamphicarpa medwedewii ''Rhamphicarpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, Turkey to the Caucasus, India, New Guinea to Northern Australia. Species: *''Rhamphicarpa austr ...

'', '' Gentiana paradoxa'', '' Scabiosa olgae'', '' Campanula mirabilis'', '' Campanula lactiflora'', '' Inula magnifica'', '' Lilium ponticum'', '' Ruscus colchicus'', '' Dioscorea caucasica'', '' Campanula mirabilis''), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). *Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia,

Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ' ...

and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...

), with five endemic genera ('' Pseudovesicaria'', '' Symphyoloma'', '' Pseudobetckea'', '' Trigonocaryum'' and '' Cladochaeta'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Betula raddeana'', '' Papaver oreophilum'', '' Corydalis pallidiflora'', '' Сorydalis emanuelii'', '' Cerastium kasbek'', '' Сerastium argenteum'', '' Сerastium multiflorum'', '' Minuartia inamoena'', '' Silena lacera'', '' Gypsophila acutifolia'', '' Dianthus fragrans'', '' Sobolevskia caucasica'', ''

Draba bryoides ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', ''

Draba elisabethae ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Draba supranivalis'', '' Draba molissima'', ''

Draba ossetica ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Primula bayernii'', '' Saxifraga subverticillata'', '' Sedum stevenianum'', ''

Geranium renardii Geranium renardii is a species of hardy flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ''Geranium'', in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. Growing to tall and broad, it has palmate leaves and ...

'', '' Oxytropis owerinii'', '' Genliana grossheimii'', '' Gentinana septemfida'' var. ''lagodechiana'', '' Gentiana marcowiczii'', '' Veronica caucasica'', '' Campanula andina'', '' Centaurea amblyolepis'', '' Lilium monadelphum'', '' Galanthus latifolius'', ''

Ornithogalum magnum ''Ornithogalum'' is a genus of perennial plants mostly native to southern Europe and southern Africa belonging to the family Asparagaceae. Some species are native to other areas such as the Caucasus. Growing from a bulb, species have linear b ...

'', '' Colchicum laetum'', '' Asphodoline tenuior'', '' Gagea helenae'', '' Calamagrostis caucasica''), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. '' Agasyllis'', '' Sredinskya'', '' Rhododendron caucasicum'', '' Vaccinium arctostaphylos'', ''

Daphne pontica ''Daphne pontica'', commonly known as twin-flowered or Pontic daphne, is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Bulgaria, northern Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a small evergreen shrub growing to tall by wide, wi ...

'', '' Paris incompleta''). *Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Anemone uralensis'', ''

Papaver maeoticum ''Papaver'' is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annual plant, annuals, biennial plant, biennials, and perennial plant, perennials native plant, native to temperateness, temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America ...

'', '' Dianthus eugeniae'', '' Dianthus krylovianus'', '' Dianthus volgicus'', '' Diplotaxis cretacea'', ''

Sisymbrium wolgense ''Sisymbrium volgense'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Southwestern European Russia to Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea ...

'', '' Syrenia talievii'', '' Pyrus rossica'', '' Hedysarum cretaceum'', '' Нedysarum ucrainicum'', '' Erodium beketowii'', '' Linaria cretacea'', '' Linaria macroura'', '' Scrophularia cretacea'') *Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. '' Corispermum algidum'', '' Castilleja schrenkii'') *West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

), without endemic genera, with few endemic species * Altai-Sayan Province (Parts of Russia and

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

), with one endemic genus ('' Microstigma'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Callianthemum sajanense ''Callianthemum'' is a genus that consists of 24 species of little rhizomatous herbs from high mountains in Europe, Central Asia and East Asia. The botanical name comes from the Greek, which means beautiful flower. The plants are low-growing, orn ...

'', '' Eranthis sibirica'', '' Aquilegia borodinii'', '' Delphinium mirabile'', '' Delphinium inconspicuum'', '' Aconitum krylovii'', '' Aconitum altaicum'', '' Anemone baicalensis'', '' Ranunculus sajanensis'', '' Gymnospermium altaicum'', '' Betula kelleriana'', '' Stellaria martjanovii'', '' Stellaria imbricata'', ''

Stellaria irrigua ''Stellaria irrigua'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names umbrella starwort and umbellate starwort. It is native to western North America from Alaska and north-western Canada to the south-wester ...

'', '' Silene turgida'', '' Aphragmus involucratus'', '' Erysimum inense'', '' Euphorbia alpina'', ''

Euphorbia altaica ''Euphorbia'' is a very large and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the family Euphorbiaceae. "Euphorbia" is sometimes used in ordinary English to collectively refer to all members of Euphorbiaceae (in deference to t ...

'', '' Euphorbia tshuiensis'', '' Rhodiola algida'', '' Sedum populifolium'', '' Chrysosplenium filipes'', '' Caragana altaica'', '' Vicia lilacina'', '' Lathyrus frolovii'', '' Lathyrus krylovii'', '' Linum violascens'', '' Scrophularia altaica'', '' Schizonepeta annua'', '' Valeriana petrophila'', '' Brachanthemum baranovii'', '' Echinops humilis'', '' Saussurea serratuloides'', '' Saussurea sajanensis'', '' Allium pumilum'', '' Carex tatjanae'', species of ''

Astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to tempe ...

'' and ''

Oxytropis ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related ''Astragalus''. There are ab ...

'') *Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species *Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum montibaicalensis'', ''

Draba baicalensis ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Saxifraga algisii'', '' Potentilla adenotricha'', '' Astragalus trigonocarpus'', '' Oxytropis heterotricha'', '' Mertensia serrulata'') *Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Gorodkovia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis gorodkovii'', '' Androsace gorodkovii'', '' Saxifraga anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla tollii'', ''

Helictotrichon krylovii ''Helictotrichon'', or alpine oatgrass, is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the grass family. The genus name comes from the Greek ''heliktos'' meaning twisted, and ''trichos'' meaning hair, referring to the shape of the awn. Most of the ...

'', '' Poa lanatiflora''). *Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Redowskia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies gracilis'', '' Picea kamtschatkensis'', '' Delphinium ochotense'', '' Aconitum ajanense'', '' Aconitum ochotense'', '' Corydalis redowskii'', '' Stellaria peduncularis'', '' Arenaria redowskii'', '' Lychnis ajanensis'', '' Sorbus kamtschatcensis'', '' Oxytropis ajanensis'', '' Oxytropis tilingii'', '' Sambucus kamtschatica''). *Canadian Province (

St. Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon (), officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (french: link=no, Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon ), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in t ...

, parts of Canada and the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

)David Lewis Lentz. 2000

Notes

Bibliography

* C.Michael Hogan. 2011
''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
* David Lewis Lentz. 2000. ''Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas'', Science, 547 pages, page * Robert F. Thorne
Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico
'' Flora of North America'', Vol. 1, Ch. 6. {{Flora of the United States by political division Floristic regions Holarctic

Floristic provinces

See also

Notes

Bibliography