The Central India Agency was created in 1854, by amalgamating the Western Malwa Agency with other smaller political offices which formerly reported to the

Governor-General of India The Governor-General of India (1773–1950, from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom and after Indian independence in 1 ...

. The agency was overseen by a political agent who maintained British relations with the princely states and influence over them on behalf of the Governor-General. The headquarters of the agent were at

Indore Indore () is the largest and most populous Cities in India, city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of both Indore District and Indore Division. It is also considered as an education hub of the state and is t ...

List of Divisions and Princely States/districts of Agency

Bundelkhand Agency

: Bundelkhand Agency was bounded by Bagelkhand to the east, the United Provinces to the north, Lalitpur District to the west, and the Central Provinces to the south. Bagelkhand Agency was separated from Bundelkhand in 1871. In 1900 it included 9 states, the most important of which were

Orchha Orchha is a town, near city of Niwari in Niwari district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The town was established by rajput ruler Rudra Pratap Singh some time after 1501, as the seat of an eponymous former princely state of covering parts of c ...

, Panna,

Samthar Samthar is a city and a municipal board in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Historically before independence of India, it was also known as Samshergarh erstwhile capital of Samthar State Demographics census, Samthar had a ...

Charkhari Charkhari is a city in Mahoba district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . This is the Kashmir of Bundelkhand . It was the capital of the Charkhari concession . There are lakes named Vijay Sagar, Malkhan Sagar, Vanshi Sagar, Jai Sagar, Rata ...

, Chhatarpur,

Datia Datia is the district headquarter of the Datia District in north central Madhya Pradesh,a state of Central India. It is an ancient town, mentioned in the Mahabharata ruled by King Dantavakra. The city is 78 km from Gwalior, 325 ...

Bijawar Bijawar is a city the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Bijawar Taluk, and was formerly the capital of a princely state of British India of the same name. The people of Bijawar are demanding the distri ...

and

Ajaigarh Ajaigarh or Ajaygarh is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Panna District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. Ajaigarh State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. The state was founded in 1785, and ...

. The agency also included 13 estates and the ''

pargana Pargana ( bn, পরগনা, , hi, परगना, ur, پرگنہ) or parganah, also spelt pergunnah during the time of the Sultanate period, Mughal times and British Raj, is a former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent and each ...

'' of Alampur, the latter belonging to Indore State. In 1931, all of the states under the Baghelkhand Agency apart from

Rewa Rewa may refer to: Places Fiji * Rewa (Fijian Communal Constituency, Fiji), a former electoral division of Fiji * Rewa Plateau, between the Kaimur and Vindhya Ranges in Madhya Pradesh * Rewa Province, Fiji * Rewa River, the widest river in Fiji ...

and

Singrauli Singrauli is a city in Singrauli district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and Commissionaire of Rewa. It lies about from the district headquarters of Waidhan. It was also the capital of erstwhile princely state of Singrauli. Demographics ...

were transferred back to Bundelkhand.

Salute states A salute state was a princely state under the British Raj that had been granted a gun salute by the British Crown (as paramount ruler); i.e., the protocolary privilege for its ruler to be greeted—originally by Royal Navy ships, later also ...

, by precedence: *

, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns *

, title Maharaja or Raja (from 1882, Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Bundelkhand Maharaja), Hereditary salute of 15-guns *

, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

Baoni Kadaura is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Jalaun District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. During the British Raj, Kadaura was the capital of an 11-gun salute princely state. History During the British Raj era, Kadaura was the capital o ...

, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns * Panna, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns Non-salute states, alphabetically: * Alipura, title Rao * Beri (Beri-Bundelkhand), title Rao/Raja (originally Dewan) * Bihat * Chhatarpur, title Maharaja or Raja * Garrauli * Gaurihar, title Sardar Sawai; from 1859, Rao * Jigni, title Rao * Lugasi * Naigawan Rebai *

Sarila Sarila is a town, a former princely state and a nagar panchayat in Hamirpur district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Geography Sarila is located at . It has an average elevation of . It is situated on Rath-Jalapur Road or MDR ...

, title Raja

Jagir A jagir ( fa, , translit=Jāgir), also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, start ...

s : * Banka-Pahari * Bijna * Bilheri ''

jagir A jagir ( fa, , translit=Jāgir), also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, start ...

'', ?under Chhatarpur, guaranteed by the British * Dhurwai *

Tori Fatehpur Tori Fatehpur ( hi, टोडी फतेहपुर or टोडी फ़तेहपुर), also known as Tori, was a princely state in India during the British Raj. It was one of the Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs, under the Bundelkhand Agency of ...

(one of the Hasht-Bhaiya ''

s'') Former princely States that were annexed or seized by the British : * Banpur, seized in 1857, had been claimed by

Gwalior State Gwalior state was a semi-autonomous Maratha state. It was centred in modern-day Madhya Pradesh, arising due to the rise of the Maratha Empire and fragmentation of the Mughal Empire. It was ruled by the House of Scindia (anglicized from Shinde) ...

Bijeraghogarh Bijairaghogarh was a princely state in India. It was disestablished due to its participation in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East Ind ...

, seized *

Chirgaon Chirgaon is a town and a municipal board in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Chirgaon is located 30 km away from Jhansi, situated on Jhansi–Kanpur National Highway 27. There is a fort in the middle of the to ...

(one of the

Hasht Bhaiya The Hasht-Bhaiya ( hi, आठभैया meaning 'Eight Brothers') (e)states were a group of jagirs (small feudatory estates, formally ranking below a proper princely state) of Central India during the period of the British Raj. They belong ...

jagirs), seized *

Jalaun Jalaun is a city and a municipal board in Jalaun district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. History In early times Jalaun seems to have been the home of kurmi clans, the jalaunya kurmi in the east and the Kachwahas in the west. The villag ...

, annexed in 1840 * Jaitpur, annexed in 1849 *

Jhansi Jhansi (; Hindi: झांसी, Urdu: ) is a historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It lies in the region of Bundelkhand on the banks of the Pahuj River, in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative hea ...

, annexed in 1853 *

Khaddi Kadhi or karhi is a dish popularly consumed in South Asia. It consists of a thick gravy based on gram flour, and contains vegetable fritters called pakoras, to which dahi (yogurt) is added to give it a bit of sour taste. It is often eaten wit ...

, annexed *

Purwa Purwa is a town and nagar panchayat in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 32 km southeast of Unnao, the district headquarters. Roads connect it with several major cities including Unnao, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Rae Bareli. As of 201 ...

(one of the

Chaube Jagirs The Chaube Jagirs, also known as 'Kalinjar Chaubes', jagir states were a group of five feudatory states of Central India during the period of the British Raj. They were a British protectorate from 1823 to 1947 and belonged to the Bagelkhand Agen ...

), seized * Tiroha, seized *

Shahgarh Shahgarh is a town and a tahsil in Sagar district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Its connected with National Highway No. 86 Route, National Highway 539 and MP SH 37. Geography Shahgarh is located at . It has an average elevation of 411 ...

, seized in 1857

Bagelkhand Agency

Bagelkhand Agency The Bagelkhand Agency was a British political unit which managed the relations of the British with a number of autonomous princely states existing outside British India, namely Rewa and 11 minor states, of which the most prominent were Maihar, Nag ...

, the easternmost charge, was established in March 1871, when it was separated from Bundelkhand agency. In 1900, it covered the area of twelve states, including :

Salute state A salute state was a princely state under the British Raj that had been granted a gun salute by the British Crown (as paramount ruler); i.e., the protocolary privilege for its ruler to be greeted—originally by Royal Navy ships, later also ...

s, by precedence : *

, the largest state in Bagelkhand, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns *

Baraundha Baraundha (also known as Pathar Kachhar) was a princely state of colonial India, located in modern Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. Although historically far larger, at the time of Indian independence in 1950, it was a saluted state of 9 guns. ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns *

Maihar Maihar is a tehsil in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India. Maihar is known for the temple of the revered mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hill. Origin of the name It is said that when lord Shiva was carrying the body of the dead mother go ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns Non-salute states (alphabetically) : *

Bhaisaunda Bhaisunda, also spelt 'Bhaisaunda', was a princely state in India during the British Raj. History Bhaisaunda state was founded in 1812 by the Kalinjar family. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs, which were part of the Bagelkhand Agency of British ...

* Jaso *

Kamta-Rajaula Kamta-Rajaula was a princely state in India during the British Raj. History It was one of the Chaube Jagirs, part of the Bagelkhand Agency which was merged into the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh in 1948. Kamta-Rajaula was a place of pilgrim ...

* Kothi * Nagode * Pahra *

Paldeo Paldeo, also spelt 'Paldev', was a Jagir, princely estate (Jagir) in India during the British Raj. It was under the Bundelkhand Agency of the Central India Agency until 1896 when it was transferred to the Baghelkhand Agency. In 1931 it was transf ...

Sohawal Sohawal is a town and tehsil in Faizabad district (officially Ayodhya district) in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is subpost office of Faizabad. Sohawal is 18 km west of district headquarters Ayodhya. Demographics India census, Sohawa ...

* Taraon Zamindari Estates (alphabetically) : * Sohagpur * Shahpur * Jaitpur * Singrauli, also Nifs Singrauli (a mu'amaladari of 700 villages in Rewah) to distinguish it from a smaller zamindari in Singrauli Mirzapur District,

North-Western Provinces The North-Western Provinces was an administrative region in British India. The North-Western Provinces were established in 1836, through merging the administrative divisions of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces. In 1858, the nawab-ruled kingdo ...

in what is now eastern UP.) * Amarkantak * Nigwani * Anupur * Baikunthpur *

Chandiya Chandiya or Chandia is a village near the town Anjar, the taluka of Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Village is located 21 km from nearest town Anjar. History Many castes and religious groups live in Chandiya, such as So ...

* Dhangawan * Singbana In 1931, all of the states but Rewa were transferred back to Bundelkhand, and in 1933 Rewa was transferred to the Indore Residency.

Gwalior Residency

Gwalior Residency Gwalior Residency was a political office in the British Raj, British Indian Empire, which existed from 1782 until the British withdrawal from India in 1947. The Gwalior Residency was placed under the Central India Agency in 1854, and separate ...

was placed under the Central India Agency in 1854, and separated from Central India Agency in 1921. It included the following, among other smaller states, plus

Chhabra Chhabra is a city and a municipality in Baran district in the state of Rajasthan, India, near to the border with Madhya Pradesh. Chhabra is a historic walled city with a fort. Its name comes from the six gates in the walls. Geography Chhabra is ...

(district) of

Tonk State Tonk was a Princely State of India at the time of the British Raj. The town of Tonk, which was the capital of the state, had a population of 273,201 in 1901. The town was surrounded by a wall and boasted a mud fort. It had a high school, the ...

: Include Jagirs Chhadawad, Bagli, Dattigaon, Balipur/chikli, Nimkheda, Pathari, Tonk Khurd, etc. Salute states : *

Gwalior Gwalior() is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; it lies in northern part of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the Counter-magnet cities. Located south of Delhi, the capital city of India, from Agra and from Bhopal, the s ...

, title Maharaja Scindia; Hereditary salute of 21-guns. * Rampur, title Nawab; Hereditary salute of 15-guns *

Benares Varanasi (; ; also Banaras or Benares (; ), and Kashi.) is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world. * * * * The city has a syncretic tr ...

(

Ramnagar Ramnagar may refer to the following places: Bangladesh * Ramnagar, Bangladesh, a village in Chittagong Division * Ramnagar Union, Jessore Sadar India Jammu and Kashmir * Ramnagar, Udhampur, a town in Jammu and Kashmir ** Ramnagar Fort Udha ...

), title Maharaja; Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local) Non-salute states : * Bhadaura *

Garha The Garha, Gaur, Gaud or Gour, Gauri are a Muslim community or caste found in the Indian states of Delhi NCR, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,Manohar, K S Singh, ed. (2005) ''People of India Uttar Pradesh''. Vol. XXIII. p. 407 Punjab and Uttarakhand. ...

* Khaniadhana * Raghogarh * Paron * Umri Furthermore, lesser estates (under Thakurs or diwans) * Agra Barkhera * Kathaun * Khiaoda * Sangul Wardha * Sirsi

Bhopal Agency

Bhopal Agency The Bhopal Agency was a section of British India's colonial Central India Agency, a British political unit which managed the relations of the British with a number of autonomous princely states existing outside British India.Great Britain India ...

, , which included the following :

s, by precedence : *

Bhopal Bhopal (; ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division. It is known as the ''City of Lakes'' due to its various natural and artificial lakes. It i ...

, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 19-guns (21-guns local) *

Dewas Junior Dewas Junior was established by Jivaji Rao I Puar in 1728 during the Maratha conquest of Central India. It was a 15 Gun Salute Maratha princely state. On 12 December 1818, it became a British protectorate. History The original state was fou ...

and Dewas Senior, both title Mharaja, Hereditary salutes of 15-guns (transferred to Malwa Agency in 1907, and to Bhopal Agency in 1933) * Narsinghgarh, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns * Rajgarh, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

Khilchipur Khilchipur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Rajgarh district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. In 2022 Janpad Panchayat election held in which BJP emerged as a winner and make their candidate Janpad Adhyaksh and up-adhyaksh under the lea ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns Non-salute states, alphabetically : *

Basoda Ganj Basoda, called Basoda, city and municipality in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Ganj Basoda is one of the eleven tehsils of Vidisha district and is 39 kms from Vidisha. History Earlier there was an oil and flour mill named "Standard ...

* Kurwai (Korwai) *

Makrai Makrai is a village in the Harda district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The village was the headquarters of the Makrai princely state during the British Raj. History According to legend the Makrai princely state was established in 1663 by Raj G ...

(transferred to Bhopal Agency in 1933 from the Central Provinces and Berar) * Maksudangarh * Muhammadgarh * Pathari

Indore Residency

Indore Residency Indore was one of the residencies of British India. Indore Residency included most of Indore State, and, after 1933, Rewa State, which formerly belonged to Bagelkhand Agency. It was part of Central India Agency The Central India Agency was ...

included most of Indore (Holkar) and after 1933 also

Rewa State Rewa State, also known as Rewah, was a Rajput princely state of India, surrounding its eponymous capital, the town of Rewa. With an area of about , Rewa was the largest princely state in the Bagelkhand Agency and the second largest in Centra ...

, the largest state from the

Baghelkhand Agency The Bagelkhand Agency was a British political unit which managed the relations of the British with a number of autonomous princely states existing outside British India, namely Rewa and 11 minor states, of which the most prominent were Maihar, Na ...

Malwa Agency

Malwa Agency Malwa Agency was an administrative section of India's Central India Agency. The headquarters of the political agent was at Mandsaur (Mandasor) / Neemuch (Nimach). The other chief towns of the region were : Ratlam and Jaora. History The Malwa ...

, , which included parts of

and Tonk states and the states of: Salute states, by precedence : *

Ratlam State Ratlam State was a 13 gun salute (15 local) princely state in India, part of the Malwa Agency of Central India during the British Raj. The state's capital was Ratlam town in modern Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh. Ratlam State was origina ...

, title Maharaja Bahadur, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local) *

Jaora State Jaora State was a 13 gun-salute princely state of the British Raj. It was part of the Malwa Agency. The total area of the princely state, with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda, was . Jaora state was divided into four tehsils, J ...

, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 13-guns *

Sailana State Sailana State was an 11 gun salute princely state in India, part of the Malwa Agency of Central India during the British Raj. The state enjoyed an estimated revenue of Rs.5,00,000. History Sailana State was founded by Raja Jai Singh, great-g ...

, title Raja Bahadur, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

Jhabua State Jhabua State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. It had its capital in Jhabua town. Most of the territory of the princely state was inhabited by the Bhil people, who constituted a majority of the popul ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

Sitamau State Sitamau State was a princely state of the British Raj before 1947. Its capital was in Sitamau town, Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the state was 350 square miles. The average revenue of the state was Rs.130,000. History Ra ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns Non-salute states : *

Piploda State Piploda State was an estate in India at the time of the British Raj. It belonged to the Malwa Agency, part of the Central India Agency. The state had an area of 155 km2. History The Thakurs of Piploda were Dodiya Rajputs from the Kathiaw ...

Estates : *

Panth-Piploda Panth-Piploda was a province of British India. It is located in present-day Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. Panth-Piploda was British India's smallest province, with an area of , and a population of 5267 (male 2666, ...

. In 1925, the Malwa Agency was amalgamated with Bhopawar Agency.

Bhopawar Agency

Bhopawar Agency Bhopawar Agency was a sub-agency of the Central India Agency in British India with the headquarters at the town of Bhopawar, so the name. Bhopawar Agency was created in 1882 from a number of princely states in the Western Nimar and Southern Malwa ...

included the princely states of: It also included territories of

and

States. In 1927 the agency was renamed the ''Southern States Agency'', later the ''Southern States and Malwa Agency'', and after 1934 ''Malwa Agency''.

s, by precedence : *

Dhar Dhar is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The city is the administrative headquarters of the Dhar district. Before Indian independence from Great Britain, it was the capital of the Dhar ...

, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns The following were the jagirs (estates), ruled by the

Bhilala A Bhilala is a tribe found in the Malwa and Nimar of the Central Provinces and in Central India. The total strength of the Bhilalas is about 150,000 persons, most of whom reside in the Bhopawar Agency, adjoining Nimar. Only 15,000 were returned f ...

tribes, that were under the Suzerainty of

Dhar State Dhar is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the States and union territories of India, state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The city is the administrative headquarters of the Dhar district. Before Indian independence from Great B ...

.:Imperial Gazetteer of India pg.51 # # Kali-Baori # Nimkhera (alias Tirla) #

Rajgadh Rajgadh (Nepali: राजगढ) is one of the villages in the southern part of the Jhapa district in Nepal. Its elevation range is 80–120 m above sea level. Some of its land area is covered with dense forest, known as the Charkose Jhadi. Its ...

* Alirajpur, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns, including the extinct State of Phulmaal which was incorporated into it earlier as well as

Fiefs A fief (; la, feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to a vassal, who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form ...

(Jagirs) of . *

Barwani Barwani or Badwani ( hi, Baḍwāni) is a municipal town in Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh, India, that is situated near the left bank of the Narmada River. It is the administrative headquarters of Barwani district and has also served a ...

, title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 11-guns *

Jhabua Jhabua is a town and a municipality in Jhabua district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Jhabua District. Recently the district has got international recognition because of its endemic hen species ...

, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns Estates : * Jobat * Kathiwara * Mathwar * Ratanmal * Bakhatgarh * Dotria * Kachhi-Baroda *

Multhan Multhan is a village in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. School's in Multhan Government Higher Secondary School, Jahwar Navoday Vidhyalay, Bharat Vidhiya Niketan History During British Raj, the State was in the Badnawar pargana. The ...

Discontinued : * Amjhera, title Rao * Chhadawad, title Rao

s (incomplete) : * Jamnia, title Raja * Kali-Baori * Nimkhera * Ondhwa *

* Sondhwa

Post-independence

Upon the British withdrawal from India in 1947, the rulers of the princely states in this area all chose to accede to the new Union of India. The eastern portion of Central India Agency, including Bagelkhand and Bundelkhand agencies, became the new state

Vindhya Pradesh Vindhya Pradesh was a former state of India. It occupied an area of 23,603 sq. miles. It was created in 1948 as Union of Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States, shortly after Indian independence, from the territories of the princely states in the e ...

. The western portion, including Bhopal, Malwa, and Bhopawar agencies and the Gwalior and Indore residencies, became the new state of

Madhya Bharat Madhya Bharat, also known as Malwa Union, was an Indian state in west-central India, created on 28 May 1948 from twenty-five princely states which until 1947 had been part of the Central India Agency, with Jiwajirao Scindia as its Rajpramukh. ...

became a separate state. Makrai was transferred to

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh (, ; meaning 'central province') is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Ujjain, Gwalior, Sagar, and Rewa being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the seco ...

, which had been created from the former Central Provinces and Berar in 1950. In 1956, the states of Vindhya Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh. Later another state,

Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh (, ) is a landlocked state in Central India. It is the ninth largest state by area, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the seventeenth most populous. It borders seven states – Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Prade ...

, was formed from the area that was formerly Madhya Pradesh.

References

External links

* Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{Geography of India Agencies of British India Historical Indian regions 1854 establishments in India 1854 establishments in British India 1947 disestablishments in India 1947 disestablishments in British India History of Madhya Pradesh

List of Divisions and Princely States/districts of Agency

Bundelkhand Agency

Bagelkhand Agency

Gwalior Residency

Bhopal Agency

Indore Residency

Malwa Agency

Bhopawar Agency

Post-independence

See also

References

External links