The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:

Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...

– study of earth and its people. Map of the world by the US Gov as of 2016

Nature of geography

Geography as

* an

academic discipline An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

– a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'. * a

field of science The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups: * Formal sciences: the study of formal systems, such as those under the branches of logic and mat ...

– widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals. ** a natural science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography). ** a

social science Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...

– field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography). * an

interdisciplinary field Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, ec ...

– a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged. Many of the branches of physical geography are also branches of Earth science

Branches of geography

As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches: *human geography *physical geography Other branches include: *integrated geography *technical geography *regional geography All the branches are further described below...

Physical geography

Physical geography Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, ...

– examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.

Fields of physical geography

* Geomorphology – study of landforms and the processes that them, and more broadly, of the processes controlling the topography of any planet. Seeks to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes through field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling. *

Hydrology Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is call ...

– study the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. **

Glaciology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, c ...

– study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. ** Oceanography – studies a wide range of topics about oceans, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. * Biogeography – study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally. Over areal

ecological Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...

changes, it is also tied to the concepts of species and their past, or present living ' refugium', their survival locales, or their interim living sites. It aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance. *

Climatology Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , ''-logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of study ...

– study of

climate Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorologi ...

, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of

time Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, ...

. *

Meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...

is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting (in contrast with climatology). *

Pedology Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, ''pedon'', "soil"; and λόγος, ''logos'', "study") is a discipline within soil science which focuses on understanding and characterizing soil formation, evolution, and the theoretical frameworks for modeling ...

– study of soils in their natural environment that deals with

pedogenesis Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order ( anisotropy) within soils. These alterations ...

soil morphology Soil morphology is the study of the formation and description of soil types within various soil horizons. C.F. Marbut championed reliance on soil morphology instead of on theories of pedogenesis for soil classification because theories of soil gen ...

, and

soil classification Soil classification deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use. Overview Soil classification is a dynamic subject, from the structure of the system, ...

. *

Palaeogeography Palaeogeography (or paleogeography) is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes. Palaeogeography can also include the study of human or cultural environments. When the focus is specifically on landforms, the term pal ...

– study of what the geography was in times past, most often concerning the physical landscape, but also the human or cultural environment. * Coastal geography – study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, and also the ways in which humans interact with the coast. *

Quaternary science Quaternary science is the study which represents the systematic study of the Quaternary Period commonly known as the ice age. The Quaternary Period is a time period that started around 2.58 million years ago and continues today. This perio ...

– focuses on the Quaternary period, which encompasses the last 2.6 million years, including the last ice age and the Holocene period. *

Landscape ecology Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizatio ...

– the relationship between spatial patterns of urban development and ecological processes on a multitude of landscape scales and organizational levels.Wu, J. and R. Hobbs (Eds). 2007. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Approaches of physical geography

Quantitative geography Quantitative geography is a subfield of geography that develops, tests, and uses mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and model geographic phenomena and patterns. It aims to explain and predict the distribution and dynamics of human and ...

– Quantitative research tools and methods applied to geography. See also the quantitative revolution. * Systems approach –

Human geography

* Human geography – one of the two main subfields of geography, it is the study of human use and understanding of the world and the processes which have affected it. Human geography broadly differs from physical geography in that it focuses on the built environment and how space is created, viewed, and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy.

Fields of human geography

* Cultural geography – study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. ** Children's geographies – study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics which are experientially, politically and ethically significant and which are worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies include: *** Children and the city *** Children and the countryside *** Children and technology *** Children and nature, *** Children and globalization *** Methodologies of researching children's worlds *** Ethics of researching children's worlds *** Otherness of childhood ** Animal geographies – studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space is heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing ways (e.g. farm animals, pets, wild animals in the city). Another impetuses that has influenced the development of the field is ecofeminist and other environmentalist viewpoints on nature-society relations (including questions of animal welfare and rights). ** Language geography – studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: **# Geography of languages – deals with the distribution through history and space of languages, **# Linguistic geography – deals with regional linguistic variations within languages.Trudgill, P. (1983). ''On dialect: social and geographical perspectives.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; New York: New York University Press.Trudgill, P. (1975). ''Linguistic geography and geographical linguistics.'' Progress in Geography 7, 227-52Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'', Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 252-3. ** Sexuality and space – encompasses all relationships and interactions between human sexuality, space, and place, including the geographies of LGBT residence, public sex environments, sites of queer resistance, global sexualities, sex tourism, the geographies of prostitution and adult entertainment, use of sexualised locations in the arts, and sexual citizenship. ** Religion geography – study of the influence of geography, i.e. place and space, on religious belief. * Development geography – study of the Earth's geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants. Measures development by looking at economic, political and social factors, and seeks to understand both the geographical causes and consequences of varying development, in part by comparing More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) with Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs). * Economic geography – study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. Subjects of interest include but are not limited to the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade and development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization. ** Marketing geography – a discipline within marketing analysis which uses geolocation (geographic information) in the process of planning and implementation of marketing activities."Recommending Social Events from Mobile Phone Location Data"
Daniele Quercia, et al., ICDM 2010 It can be used in any aspect of the marketing mix – the product, price, promotion, or place (geo targeting). ** Transportation geography – branch of economic geography that investigates spatial interactions between people, freight and information. It studies humans and their use of vehicles or other modes of traveling as well as how markets are serviced by flows of finished goods and raw materials. * Health geography – application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care, to provide a spatial understanding of a population's health, the distribution of disease in an area, and the environment's effect on health and disease. It also deals with accessibility to health care and spatial distribution of health care providers. ** Time geography – study of the temporal factor on spatial human activities within the following constraints: # Authority - limits of accessibility to certain places or domains placed on individuals by owners or authorities # Capability - limitations on the movement of individuals, based on their nature. For example, movement is restricted by biological factors, such as the need for food, drink, and sleep # Coupling - restraint of an individual, anchoring him or her to a location while interacting with other individuals in order to complete a task * Historical geography – study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past, and seeks to determine how cultural features of various societies across the planet emerged and evolved, by understanding how a place or region changes through time, including how people have interacted with their environment and created the cultural landscape. * Political geography – study of the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Basically, the inter-relationships between people, state, and territory. ** Electoral geography – study of the relationship between election results and the regions they affect (such as the environmental impact of voting decisions), and of the effects of regional factors upon voting behavior. ** Geopolitics – analysis of geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales, ranging from the level of the state to international. ** Strategic geography – concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations. ** Military geography – the application of geographic tools, information, and techniques to solve military problems in peacetime or war. * Population geography – study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. * Tourism geography – study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity, and their effect on places, including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism. * Urban geography – the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.

Approaches of human geography

* * * * * * * * – * Qualitative geography – qualitative research tools and methods applied to geography.

Integrated geography

* Integrated geography – branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment.

Technical geography

* Technical geography – branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems, photogrammetry, and related forms of earth mapping.

Fields contributing to technical geography

* * * * * * * * Global navigation satellite systems represented by – Any system that uses satellite radio signals to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning ** * * * * *

Regional geography

Regional geography – study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as its natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions. Regional geography breaks down into the study of specific regions. Region – an area, defined by physical characteristics, human characteristics, or functional characteristics. The term is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller units, such as a country and its political divisions, or as one part of a larger whole, as in a country on a continent.

Continents

Continent – one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention (norm), convention rather than any specific criteria, but seven areas are commonly regarded as continents. They are: ::''1.'' Africa (Outline of Africa, outline) – ::''2.'' Antarctica – ::''3.'' Australia (Outline of Australia, outline) – : The Americas: ::''4.'' North America (Outline of North America, outline) – ::''5.'' South America (Outline of South America, outline) – : Eurasia: ::''6.'' Europe (Outline of Europe, outline) – ::''7.'' Asia (Outline of Asia, outline) –

= Subregions

= Subregion Subregion#Subregions by continent, (list)

Biogeographic regions

= Biogeographic realm

= The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones): * Nearctic 22.9 mil. km² (including most of North America) * Palearctic 54.1 mil. km² (including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa) * Afrotropic 22.1 mil. km² (including Sub-Saharan Africa) * Indomalayan realm, Indomalaya 7.5 mil. km² (including the Indian subcontinent, South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia) * Australasian realm, Australasia 7.7 mil. km² (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighboring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line. * Neotropic 19.0 mil. km² (including South America and the Caribbean) * Oceanian realm, Oceania 1.0 mil. km² (including Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia) * Antarctic realm, Antarctic 0.3 mil. km² (including Antarctica).

= Ecoregions

= Ecoregion Biogeographic realms are further divided into ecoregions. The World has over 800 terrestrial ecoregions. ''See Lists of ecoregions by country.''

Geography of the political divisions of the World

* Geography of Africa (Outline of Africa, Outline) ** West Africa#Geography and climate *** Geography of Benin (Outline of Benin, Outline) *** Geography of Burkina Faso (Outline of Burkina Faso, Outline) *** Geography of Cape Verde (Outline of Cape Verde, Outline) *** Geography of Côte d'Ivoire (Outline of Côte d'Ivoire, Outline) *** Geography of Gambia (Outline of the Gambia, Outline) *** Geography of Ghana (Outline of Ghana, Outline) *** Geography of Guinea (Outline of Guinea, Outline) *** Geography of Guinea-Bissau (Outline of Guinea-Bissau, Outline) *** Geography of Liberia (Outline of Liberia, Outline) *** Geography of Mali (Outline of Mali, Outline) *** Geography of Mauritania (Outline of Mauritania, Outline) *** Geography of Niger (Outline of Niger, Outline) *** Geography of Nigeria (Outline of Nigeria, Outline) *** Geography of Senegal (Outline of Senegal, Outline) *** Geography of Sierra Leone (Outline of Sierra Leone, Outline) *** Geography of Togo (Outline of Togo, Outline) ** North Africa#Geography *** Geography of Algeria (Outline of Algeria, Outline) *** Geography of Egypt (Outline of Egypt, Outline) *** Geography of Libya (Outline of Libya, Outline) *** Geography of Mauritania (Outline of Mauritania, Outline) *** Geography of Morocco (Outline of Morocco, Outline) *** Geography of Sudan (Outline of Sudan, Outline) *** Geography of Tunisia (Outline of Tunisia, Outline) *** Geography of Western Sahara (Outline of Western Sahara, Outline) ** Central Africa *** Geography of Angola (Outline of Angola, Outline) *** Geography of Burundi (Outline of Burundi, Outline) *** Geography of Cameroon (Outline of Cameroon, Outline) *** Geography of Central African Republic (Outline of the Central African Republic, Outline) *** Geography of Chad (Outline of Chad, Outline) *** Geography of Democratic Republic of the Congo (Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Outline) *** Geography of Equatorial Guinea (Outline of Equatorial Guinea, Outline) *** Geography of Gabon (Outline of Gabon, Outline) *** Geography of Republic of the Congo (Outline of the Republic of the Congo, Outline) *** Geography of Rwanda (Outline of Rwanda, Outline) *** Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe (Outline of São Tomé and Príncipe, Outline) ** East Africa#Geography and climate *** Geography of Burundi (Outline of Burundi, Outline) *** Geography of Comoros (Outline of Comoros, Outline) *** Geography of Djibouti (Outline of Djibouti, Outline) *** Geography of Eritrea (Outline of Eritrea, Outline) *** Geography of Ethiopia (Outline of Ethiopia, Outline) *** Geography of Kenya (Outline of Kenya, Outline) *** Geography of Madagascar (Outline of Madagascar, Outline) *** Geography of Malawi (Outline of Malawi, Outline) *** Geography of Mauritius (Outline of Mauritius, Outline) *** Geography of Mozambique (Outline of Mozambique, Outline) *** Geography of Rwanda (Outline of Rwanda, Outline) *** Geography of Seychelles (Outline of Seychelles, Outline) *** Geography of Somalia (Outline of Somalia, Outline) *** Geography of Tanzania (Outline of Tanzania, Outline) *** Geography of Uganda (Outline of Uganda, Outline) *** Geography of Zambia (Outline of Zambia, Outline) *** Geography of Zimbabwe (Outline of Zimbabwe, Outline) ** Southern Africa#Geography *** Geography of Botswana (Outline of Botswana, Outline) *** Geography of Lesotho (Outline of Lesotho, Outline) *** Geography of Namibia (Outline of Namibia, Outline) *** Geography of South Africa (Outline of South Africa, Outline) *** Geography of Swaziland (Outline of Swaziland, Outline) ** Dependencies in Africa *** Geography of British Indian Ocean Territory (Outline of the British Indian Ocean Territory, Outline) (UK) *** Geography of Mayotte (Outline of Mayotte, Outline) (France) *** Geography of Réunion (Outline of Réunion, Outline) (France) *** Geography of Saint Helena (Outline of St. Helena, Outline) (UK) *** Canary Islands#Geography (Outline of the Canary Islands, Outline) (Spain) *** Geography of Ceuta (Outline of Ceuta, Outline) (Spain) *** Geography of Madeira (Outline of Madeira, Outline) (Portugal) *** Geography of Melilla (Outline of Melilla, Outline) (Spain) *** Geography of Socotra (Outline of Socotra, Outline) (Yemen) *** Geography of Puntland (Outline of Puntland, Outline) *** Geography of Somaliland (Outline of Somaliland, Outline) *** Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Outline) * Geography of Antarctica (Outline of Antarctica, Outline) * Geography of Asia (Outline of Asia, Outline) ** Central Asia#Geography *** Geography of Kazakhstan (Outline of Kazakhstan, Outline) *** Geography of Kyrgyzstan (Outline of Kyrgyzstan, Outline) *** Geography of Tajikistan (Outline of Tajikistan, Outline) *** Geography of Turkmenistan (Outline of Turkmenistan, Outline) *** Geography of Uzbekistan (Outline of Uzbekistan, Outline) ** East Asia *** Geography of China (Outline of China, Outline) **** Geography of Tibet (Outline of Tibet, Outline) **** Geography of Hong Kong (Outline of Hong Kong, Outline) **** Geography of Macau (Outline of Macau, Outline) *** Geography of Japan (Outline of Japan, Outline) *** Geography of North Korea (Outline of North Korea, Outline) *** Geography of South Korea (Outline of South Korea, Outline) *** Geography of Mongolia (Outline of Mongolia, Outline) *** Geography of Taiwan (Outline of Taiwan, Outline) ** North Asia#Geography *** Geography of Russia (Outline of Russia, Outline) ** Southeast Asia#Geography *** Geography of Brunei (Outline of Brunei, Outline) *** Geography of Burma, Burma (Myanmar) - Outline of Burma, Outline) *** Geography of Cambodia (Outline of Cambodia, Outline) *** Geography of East Timor, East Timor (Timor-Leste) - Outline of East Timor, Outline) *** Geography of Indonesia (Outline of Indonesia, Outline) *** Geography of Laos (Outline of Laos, Outline) *** Geography of Malaysia (Outline of Malaysia, Outline) *** Geography of the Philippines (Outline of the Philippines, Outline) *** Geography of Singapore (Outline of Singapore, Outline) *** Geography of Thailand (Outline of Thailand, Outline) *** Geography of Vietnam (Outline of Vietnam, Outline) ** South Asia#Geography *** Geography of Afghanistan (Outline of Afghanistan, Outline) *** Geography of Bangladesh (Outline of Bangladesh, Outline) *** Geography of Bhutan (Outline of Bhutan, Outline) *** Geography of India (Outline of India, Outline) *** Geography of Maldives (Outline of Maldives, Outline) *** Geography of Nepal (Outline of Nepal, Outline) *** Geography of Pakistan (Outline of Pakistan, Outline) *** Geography of Sri Lanka (Outline of Sri Lanka, Outline) ** Western Asia#Geography *** Armenia#Geography (Outline of Armenia, Outline) *** Geography of Azerbaijan (Outline of Azerbaijan, Outline) *** Geography of Bahrain (Outline of Bahrain, Outline) *** Geography of Cyprus (Outline of Cyprus, Outline), including: **** Geography of Northern Cyprus (Outline of Northern Cyprus, Outline) (disputed territory) *** Geography of Georgia (country), Georgia (Outline of Georgia (country), Outline) *** Geography of Iran (Outline of Iran, Outline) *** Geography of Iraq (Outline of Iraq, Outline) *** Geography of Israel (Outline of Israel, Outline) *** Geography of Jordan (Outline of Jordan, Outline) *** Geography of Kuwait (Outline of Kuwait, Outline) *** Geography of Lebanon (Outline of Lebanon, Outline) *** Geography of Oman (Outline of Oman, Outline) *** Geography of the Palestinian territories (Outline of the Palestinian territories, Outline) *** Geography of Qatar (Outline of Qatar, Outline) *** Geography of Saudi Arabia (Outline of Saudi Arabia, Outline) *** Geography of Syria (Outline of Syria, Outline) *** Geography of Turkey (Outline of Turkey, Outline) *** Geography of United Arab Emirates (Outline of the United Arab Emirates, Outline) *** Geography of Yemen (Outline of Yemen, Outline) * Caucasus#Geography and ecology (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them) ** North Caucasus *** Geography of Russia (Outline of Russia, Outline) (the following parts of Russia are in the North Caucasus: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai) ** South Caucasus *** Geography of Georgia (country), Georgia (Outline of Georgia (country), Outline), including: **** Geography of Abkhazia (Outline of Abhkazia, Outline) (disputed territory) **** Geography of South Ossetia (Outline of South Ossetia, Outline) (disputed territory) *** Armenia#Geography (Outline of Armenia, Outline) *** Geography of Azerbaijan (Outline of Azerbaijan, Outline), including: **** Geography of Nagorno-Karabakh (Outline of Nagorno-Karabakh, Outline) (disputed territory) * Geography of Europe (Outline of Europe, Outline) ** Geography of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Outline of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Outline) ** Geography of Åland (Outline of Åland, Outline) ** Geography of Albania (Outline of Albania, Outline) ** Geography of Andorra (Outline of Andorra, Outline) ** Geography of Armenia (Outline of Armenia, Outline) ** Geography of Austria (Outline of Austria, Outline) ** Geography of Azerbaijan (Outline of Azerbaijan, Outline) ** Geography of Belarus (Outline of Belarus, Outline) ** Geography of Belgium (Outline of Belgium, Outline) ** Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Outline of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Outline) ** Geography of Bulgaria (Outline of Bulgaria, Outline) ** Geography of Croatia (Outline of Croatia, Outline) ** Geography of Cyprus (Outline of Cyprus, Outline) ** Geography of Czech Republic (Outline of the Czech Republic, Outline) ** Geography of Denmark (Outline of Denmark, Outline) ** Geography of Estonia (Outline of Estonia, Outline) ** Faroe Islands#Geography (Outline of the Faroe Islands, Outline) ** Geography of Finland (Outline of Finland, Outline) ** Geography of France (Outline of France, Outline) ** Geography of Georgia (country), Geography of Georgia (Outline of Georgia (country), Outline) ** Geography of Germany (Outline of Germany, Outline) ** Geography of Gibraltar (Outline of Gibraltar, Outline) ** Geography of Greece (Outline of Greece, Outline) ** Geography of Guernsey (Outline of Guernsey, Outline) ** Geography of Hungary (Outline of Hungary, Outline) ** Geography of Iceland (Outline of Iceland, Outline) ** Republic of Ireland#Geography (Outline of the Republic of Ireland, Outline) ** Geography of the Isle of Man (Outline of the Isle of Man, Outline) ** Geography of Italy (Outline of Italy, Outline) ** Geography of Jersey (Outline of Jersey, Outline) ** Geography of Kazakhstan (Outline of Kazakhstan, Outline) ** Geography of Kosovo (Outline of Kosovo, Outline) ** Geography of Latvia (Outline of Latvia, Outline) ** Geography of Liechtenstein (Outline of Liechtenstein, Outline) ** Geography of Lithuania (Outline of Lithuania, Outline) ** Geography of Luxembourg (Outline of Luxembourg, Outline) ** Geography of Malta (Outline of Malta, Outline) ** Geography of Moldova (Outline of Moldova, Outline), including: *** Geography of Transnistria (Outline of Transnistria, Outline) (disputed territory) ** Geography of Monaco (Outline of Monaco, Outline) ** Geography of Montenegro (Outline of Montenegro, Outline) ** Geography of Netherlands (Outline of the Netherlands, Outline) ** Geography of North Macedonia (Outline of North Macedonia, Outline) ** Geography of Norway (Outline of Norway, Outline) ** Geography of Poland (Outline of Poland, Outline) ** Geography of Portugal (Outline of Portugal, Outline) ** Geography of Romania (Outline of Romania, Outline) ** Geography of Russia (Outline of Russia, Outline) ** Geography of San Marino (Outline of San Marino, Outline) ** Geography of Serbia (Outline of Serbia, Outline) ** Geography of Slovakia (Outline of Slovakia, Outline) ** Geography of Slovenia (Outline of Slovenia, Outline) ** Geography of Spain (Outline of Spain, Outline) ** Geography of Svalbard (Outline of Svalbard, Outline) ** Geography of Sweden (Outline of Sweden, Outline) ** Geography of Switzerland (Outline of Switzerland, Outline) ** Geography of Turkey (Outline of Turkey, Outline) ** Geography of Ukraine (Outline of Ukraine, Outline) ** Geography of United Kingdom (Outline of the United Kingdom, Outline) *** Geography of England (Outline of England, Outline) *** Geography of Northern Ireland (Outline of Northern Ireland, Outline) *** Geography of Scotland (Outline of Scotland, Outline) *** Geography of Wales (Outline of Wales, Outline) ** Geography of Vatican City (Outline of Vatican City, Outline) * Geography of North America (Outline of North America, Outline) ** Geography of Canada (Outline of Canada, Outline) *** By province **** Geography of Alberta **** Geography of British Columbia (Outline of British Columbia, Outline) **** Geography of Manitoba **** Geography of New Brunswick **** Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador **** Geography of Nova Scotia **** Geography of Ontario **** Geography of Prince Edward Island **** Geography of Quebec (Outline of Quebec, Outline) **** Geography of Saskatchewan (Outline of Saskatchewan, Outline) *** By territory **** Geography of the Northwest Territories **** Geography of Nunavut **** Geography of Yukon ** Geography of Greenland (Outline of Greenland, Outline) ** Geography of Mexico (Outline of Mexico, Outline) ** Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Outline of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Outline) ** Geography of United States (Outline of the United States, Outline) *** Geography of Alabama (Outline of Alabama, Outline) *** Geography of Alaska (Outline of Alaska, Outline) *** Geography of Arizona (Outline of Arizona, Outline) *** Geography of Arkansas (Outline of Arkansas, Outline) *** Geography of California (Outline of California, Outline) *** Geography of Colorado (Outline of Colorado, Outline) *** Geography of Connecticut (Outline of Connecticut, Outline) *** Geography of Delaware (Outline of Delaware, Outline) *** Geography of Florida (Outline of Florida, Outline) *** Geography of Georgia (U.S. state), Geography of Georgia (Outline of Georgia (U.S. state), Outline) *** Geography of Hawaii (Outline of Hawaii, Outline) *** Geography of Idaho (Outline of Idaho, Outline) *** Geography of Illinois (Outline of Illinois, Outline) *** Geography of Indiana (Outline of Indiana, Outline) *** Geography of Iowa (Outline of Iowa, Outline) *** Geography of Montana (Outline of Montana, Outline) *** Geography of Kansas (Outline of Kansas, Outline) *** Geography of Kentucky (Outline of Kentucky, Outline) *** Geography of Louisiana (Outline of Louisiana, Outline) *** Geography of Maine (Outline of Maine, Outline) *** Geography of Maryland (Outline of Maryland, Outline) *** Geography of Massachusetts (Outline of Massachusetts, Outline) *** Geography of Michigan (Outline of Michigan, Outline) *** Geography of Minnesota (Outline of Minnesota, Outline) *** Geography of Mississippi (Outline of Mississippi, Outline) *** Geography of Missouri (Outline of Missouri, Outline) *** Geography of Nebraska (Outline of Nebraska, Outline) *** Geography of Nevada (Outline of Nevada, Outline) *** Geography of New Hampshire (Outline of New Hampshire, Outline) *** Geography of New Jersey (Outline of New Jersey, Outline) *** Geography of New Mexico (Outline of New Mexico, Outline) *** Geography of New York (Outline of New York, Outline) *** Geography of North Carolina (Outline of North Carolina, Outline) *** Geography of North Dakota (Outline of North Dakota, Outline) *** Geography of Ohio (Outline of Ohio, Outline) *** Geography of Oklahoma (Outline of Oklahoma, Outline) *** Geography of Oregon (Outline of Oregon, Outline) *** Geography of Pennsylvania (Outline of Pennsylvania, Outline) *** Geography of Rhode Island (Outline of Rhode Island, Outline) *** Geography of South Carolina (Outline of South Carolina, Outline) *** Geography of South Dakota (Outline of South Dakota, Outline) *** Geography of Tennessee (Outline of Tennessee, Outline) *** Geography of Texas (Outline of Texas, Outline) *** Geography of Utah (Outline of Utah, Outline) *** Geography of Vermont (Outline of Vermont, Outline) *** Geography of Virginia (Outline of Virginia, Outline) *** Geography of Washington (state) (Outline of Washington (state), Outline) *** Geography of West Virginia (Outline of West Virginia, Outline) *** Geography of Wisconsin (Outline of Wisconsin, Outline) *** Geography of Wyoming (Outline of Wyoming, Outline) *** Geography of Washington, D.C. (Outline of the District of Columbia, Outline) (Washington, D.C.) ** Central America#Geography (Outline of Central America, Outline) *** Geography of Belize (Outline of Belize, Outline) *** Geography of Costa Rica (Outline of Costa Rica, Outline) *** Geography of El Salvador (Outline of El Salvador, Outline) *** Geography of Guatemala (Outline of Guatemala, Outline) *** Geography of Honduras (Outline of Honduras, Outline) *** Geography of Nicaragua (Outline of Nicaragua, Outline) *** Geography of Panama (Outline of Panama, Outline) ** Geography of the Caribbean (Outline of the Caribbean, Outline) *** Geography of Anguilla (Outline of Anguilla, Outline) *** Geography of Antigua and Barbuda (Outline of Antigua and Barbuda, Outline) *** Geography of Aruba (Outline of Aruba, Outline) *** Geography of Bahamas (Outline of the Bahamas, Outline) *** Geography of Barbados (Outline of Barbados, Outline) *** Geography of Bermuda (Outline of Bermuda, Outline) *** British Virgin Islands#Geography (Outline of the British Virgin Islands, Outline) *** Cayman Islands#Geography (Outline of the Cayman Islands, Outline) *** Geography of Cuba (Outline of Cuba, Outline) *** Geography of Dominica (Outline of Dominica, Outline) *** Dominican Republic#Geography (Outline of the Dominican Republic, Outline) *** Geography of Grenada (Outline of Grenada, Outline) *** Geography of Haiti (Outline of Haiti, Outline) *** Geography of Jamaica (Outline of Jamaica, Outline) *** Geography of Montserrat (Outline of Montserrat, Outline) *** Netherlands Antilles#Geography (Outline of the Netherlands Antilles, Outline) *** Geography of Puerto Rico (Outline of Puerto Rico, Outline) *** Geography of Saint Barthélemy (Outline of Saint Barthélemy, Outline) *** Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis (Outline of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Outline) *** Geography of Saint Lucia (Outline of Saint Lucia, Outline) *** Saint Martin (island), Saint Martin (Outline of Saint Martin, Outline) *** Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Outline of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Outline) *** Geography of Trinidad and Tobago (Outline of Trinidad and Tobago, Outline) *** Turks and Caicos Islands#Geography (Outline of the Turks and Caicos Islands, Outline) *** United States Virgin Islands#Geography (Outline of the United States Virgin Islands, Outline) * Geography of Oceania (includes the continent of Australia) ** Australasia *** Geography of Australia (Outline of Australia, Outline) **** Dependencies and territories of Australia ***** Geography of Christmas Island (Outline of Christmas Island, Outline) ***** Cocos (Keeling) Islands#Geography (Outline of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Outline) ***** Geography of Norfolk Island (Outline of Norfolk Island, Outline) *** Geography of New Zealand (Outline of New Zealand, Outline) ** Geography of Melanesia *** Geography of Fiji (Outline of Fiji, Outline) *** Geography of Indonesia (Outline of Indonesia, Outline) (Oceanian part only) *** Geography of New Caledonia (Outline of New Caledonia, Outline) (France) *** Geography of Papua New Guinea (Outline of Papua New Guinea, Outline) *** Geography of the Solomon Islands (Outline of the Solomon Islands, Outline) *** Geography of Vanuatu (Outline of Vanuatu, Outline) ** Geography of Micronesia *** Geography of Federated States of Micronesia (Outline of the Federated States of Micronesia, Outline) *** Geography of Guam (Outline of Guam, Outline) (USA) *** Geography of Kiribati (Outline of Kiribati, Outline) *** Geography of Marshall Islands (Outline of the Marshall Islands, Outline) *** Geography of Nauru (Outline of Nauru, Outline) *** Northern Mariana Islands#Geography and climate (Outline of the Northern Mariana Islands, Outline) (USA) *** Geography of Palau (Outline of Palau, Outline) *** Geography of Wake Island (Outline of Wake Island, Outline) (USA) ** Geography of Polynesia *** Geography of American Samoa (Outline of American Samoa, Outline) (USA) *** Chatham Islands#Geography (Outline of the Chatham Islands, Outline) (NZ) *** Cook Islands#Geography (Outline of the Cook Islands, Outline) (NZ) *** Easter Island#Location and physical geography (Outline of Easter Island, Outline) (Chile) *** Geography of French Polynesia (Outline of French Polynesia, Outline) (France) *** Geography of Hawaii (Outline of Hawaii, Outline) (USA) *** Loyalty Islands#Geography (Outline of the Loyalty Islands, Outline) (France) *** Geography of Niue (Outline of Niue, Outline) (NZ) *** Pitcairn Islands#Geography (Outline of the Pitcairn Islands, Outline) (UK) *** Geography of Samoa (Outline of Samoa, Outline) *** Geography of Tokelau (Outline of Tokelau, Outline) (NZ) *** Geography of Tonga (Outline of Tonga, Outline) *** Geography of Tuvalu (Outline of Tuvalu, Outline) *** Geography of Wallis and Futuna (Outline of Wallis and Futuna, Outline) (France) * Geography of South America (Outline of South America, Outline) ** Geography of Argentina (Outline of Argentina, Outline) ** Geography of Bolivia (Outline of Bolivia, Outline) ** Geography of Brazil (Outline of Brazil, Outline) ** Geography of Chile (Outline of Chile, Outline) ** Geography of Colombia (Outline of Colombia, Outline) ** Geography of Ecuador (Outline of Ecuador, Outline) ** Geography of the Falkland Islands (Outline of the Falkland Islands, Outline) ** Geography of French Guiana (Outline of French Guiana, Outline) ** Geography of Guyana (Outline of Guyana, Outline) ** Geography of Paraguay (Outline of Paraguay, Outline) ** Geography of Peru (Outline of Peru, Outline) ** Geography of Suriname (Outline of Suriname, Outline) ** Geography of Uruguay (Outline of Uruguay, Outline) ** Geography of Venezuela (Outline of Venezuela, Outline)

Other regions

* Atlantic World * Bermuda Triangle * Pacific Rim * Pacific Ring of Fire

History of geography

Topics pertaining to the geographical study of the World throughout history:

By period

* Ancient roads * Ancient Greek geography * Age of discovery * Major explorations after the Age of Discovery * Critical geography * Environmental determinism

By region

* **

By subject

* Historical demography#Historical population of the world, Historical population of the world

By field

* History of human geography ** *** **** ** Cultural geography#History, History of cultural geography ** Economic geography#History of economic geography, History of economic geography ** Health geography#History of health geography, History of health geography ** Political geography#History, History of political geography *** Demography#History, History of demography * History of physical geography ** Biogeography#History, History of biogeography ** Climatology#History, History of climatology ** Meteorology#History, History of meteorology ** ** Geomorphology#History, History of geomorphology ** Hydrology#History, History of hydrology *** Oceanography#History, History of oceanography ** Landscape ecology#History, History of landscape ecology * Regional geography#History, History of regional geography

Elements of geography

Topics common to the various branches of geography include:

Tasks and tools of geography

* * * * * ** ** *** ** * * *

Types of geographic features

Geographic feature – component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial.

Location and place

* Location (geography), Location – ** *** **** *** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** *** **** * Place ** Aspects of a place or region *** *** **** ***** **** **** *** *** *** *** **

Natural geographic features

Natural geographic feature – an ecosystem or natural landform.

= Ecosystems

= Ecosystem – community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. * * Biogeographic realm, Realm – broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. ** Ecoprovince – biogeographic unit smaller than a realm that contains one or more ecoregions. *** **** **** ***** ****** ******* * ** *** ****

= Natural landforms

MSH82 st helens plume from harrys ridge 05-19-82

Landform, Natural landform – terrain or body of water. Landforms are topographical elements, and are defined by their surface form and location in the landscape. Landforms are categorized by traits such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratum, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Some landforms are artificial, such as certain islands, but most landforms are natural.

Natural terrain feature types

* * * * * *

Natural body of water types

* Natural ** Bodies of *** *** *** *** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** *** *** *** **** *** **** Arm of the sea – **** *** *** *** *** **** Types of sea: ***** ***** **** Sea components or extensions: ***** ***** *** ** Bodies of fresh water *** *** **** **** **** **** *** **** ***** **** **** **** *** **** ***** Parts of a river: ***** ***** ***** ****** *** *** **** Boil - *** **** **** **** **** ***** ****** ****** **** *** **** Freshwater **** *****

Artificial geographic features

Artificial geographic feature – a thing that was made by humans that may be indicated on a map. It may be physical and exist in the real world (like a bridge or city), or it may be abstract and exist only on maps (such as the Equator, which has a defined location, but cannot be seen where it lies). * ** – rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village. One example of a hamlet is a small cluster of houses surrounding a mill. ** – clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands). ** – human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many British "small towns" would qualify as cities in the United States. *** – ranks the structure of towns within an area. **** – bare minimum of essential services, such as bread and milk. **** **** **** ** – relatively large and permanent settlement. In many regions, a city is distinguished from a town by attainment of designation according to law, for instance being required to obtain articles of incorporation or a royal charter. *** *** – the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. *** – very large city or urban area which is a significant economic, political and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections and communications. *** – region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. *** – city that is deemed to be an important node in the global economic system. Globalization is largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales (including global cities) according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. *** – chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. An example is the huge metropolitan area along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, Massachusetts through New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland and ending in Washington, D.C.. *** – theoretical "continent city". The world does not have one yet. Will Europe become the first one? *** – theoretical "world city". Will the world ever become so urbanized as to be called this? * Engineered construct – built feature of the landscape such as a highway, bridge, airport, railroad, building, dam, or reservoir (water), reservoir. See also construction engineering and infrastructure. ** Artificial landforms *** *** *** ** – place where airplanes can take off and land, including one or more runways and one or more passenger terminals. ** – artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another. ** – construction designed to break the force of the sea to provide calm water for boats or ships, or to prevent erosion of a coastal feature. ** – structure built to span a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle such as a canyon, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. ** – closed structure with walls and a roof. ** – artificial waterway, often connecting one body of water with another. ** ** – structure placed across a flowing body of water to stop the flow, usually to use the water for irrigation or to generate electricity. *** – barrier of stone or earth used to hold back water and prevent flooding. **** – artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels, usually Soil, earthen and often Parallel (geometry), parallel to the course of a river or the coast. ** – place where agricultural activities take place, especially the growing of crops or the raising of livestock. ** – harbor that has deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or which was constructed by dredging. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *** *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** China administrative

* Abstract geographic feature – does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps. ** *** *** ** *** *** **** *** – a designated territory (country subdivision), territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions: **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ***** ****** ****** ***** **** **** **** **** **** **** ** Cartographical feature – theoretical construct used specifically on maps that doesn't have any physical form apart from its location. *** **** *** **** *** **** ****

Geographic features that include the natural and artificial

* **

Geography awards

Hubbard Gold Medal, Anne Morrow Lindbergh

Some awards and competitions in the field of geography: * * * * * *

Geographical organizations

: ''See: List of geographical societies'' *European Geography Association *EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers *Gamma Theta Upsilon *International Geographical Union

Geographical publications

Geographical magazines

* ''Al Arab (magazine), Al Arab'' * ''Arizona Highways'' * ''Asian Geographic'' * ''Atlas (magazine)'' * ''Australian Geographic'' * ''Canadian Geographic'' * ''Chinese National Geography'' * ''Le Congo illustré'' * ''GEO (magazine)'' * ''Géographica'' * ''Geographical (magazine), Geographical'' * ''Icelandic Geographic'' * ''Le Mouvement Géographique'' * ''National Geographic'' * ''National Geographic Adventure (magazine), National Geographic Adventure'' * ''National Geographic Kids'' * ''National Geographic Traveler'' * ''New Zealand Geographic'' * ''Podróże (magazine), Podróże'' * ''Revista Geográfica Española'' * ''Rhythms Monthly'' * ''Vokrug sveta'' * ''Walkabout (magazine), Walkabout'' * ''The Wide World Magazine''

Persons influential in geography

A geographer is a scientist who studies Earth's physical environment (biophysical), environment and human habitat (ecology), habitat. Geographers are historically known for making maps, the subdiscipline of geography known as cartography. They study the physical details of the environment and also its effect on human and wildlife ecology, ecologies, weather and

patterns, economics, and culture. Geographers focus on the spatial relationships between these elements.

Influential physical geographers

* Eratosthenes (276194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy.Avraham Ariel, Nora Ariel Berger (2006)."
Plotting the globe: stories of meridians, parallels, and the international
'". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.12. * Ptolemy (c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book ''Geographia''. * Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (9731048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy.Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' 60, p. 9-10. * Avicenna, Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in ''Kitab al-Shifa, Kitab Al-Shifa'' contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of Uniformitarianism (science), uniformitarianism. * Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100c.1165) – who drew the ''Tabula Rogeriana'', the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. * Piri Reis (1465c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica * Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) – an innovative Cartography, cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection. * Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) – Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) – first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography. * Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) – father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology. * Alexander Von Humboldt (1769–1859) – considered the father of modern geography. Published ''Kosmos'' and founded the study of biogeography. * Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – who noted the structure of glaciers and advanced the understanding of glacial motion, especially in fast ice flow. * Louis Agassiz (1807–1873) – the author of a glacial theory which disputed the notion of a steady-cooling Earth. * Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) – founder of modern biogeography and the Wallace line. * Vasily Dokuchaev (1846–1903) – patriarch of Russian geography and founder of pedology. * Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846–1940) – developer of most important climate classification and founder of Paleoclimatology. * William Morris Davis (1850–1934) – father of American geography, founder of Geomorphology and developer of the geographical cycle theory. * Walther Penck (1888–1923) – proponent of the cycle of erosion and the simultaneous occurrence of Tectonic uplift, uplift and denudation. * Sir Ernest Shackleton (1874–1922) – Antarctic explorer during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. * Robert E. Horton (1875–1945) – founder of modern hydrology and concepts such as infiltration capacity and overland flow. * J Harlen Bretz (1882–1981) – pioneer of research into the shaping of landscapes by catastrophic floods, most notably the Missoula Floods, Bretz (Missoula) floods. * Willi Dansgaard (born 1922) – palaeoclimatologist and quaternary scientist, instrumental in the use of oxygen-isotope dating and co-identifier of Dansgaard-Oeschger events. * Hans Oeschger (1927–1998) – palaeoclimatologist and pioneer in ice core research, co-identifier of Dansgaard-Orschger events. * Richard Chorley (1927–2002) – a key contributor to the quantitative revolution and the use of systems theory in geography. * Sir Nicholas Shackleton (1937–2006) – who demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun. * Stefan Rahmstorf (born 1960) – professor of abrupt climate changes and author on theories of thermohaline dynamics.

Influential human geographers

* Carl Ritter (1779–1859) – considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works. * Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) – Environmental determinism, environmental determinist, invented the term ''Lebensraum'' * Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) – founder of the French School of geopolitics and Possibilism (geography), possibilism. * Sir Halford Mackinder, Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947) – author of ''The Geographical Pivot of History'', co-founder of the London School of Economics, along with the Geographical Association. * Carl O. Sauer (1889–1975) – critic of environmental determinism and proponent of cultural ecology. * Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – economic geographer and developer of the central place theory. * Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992) – scholar of the history and philosophy of geography. * Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004) – critic of the quantitative revolution and regional science, noted figure in critical geography. * Milton Santos (1926–2001) winner of the Vautrin Lud prize in 1994, one of the most important geographers in South America. * Waldo R. Tobler (born 1930) – developer of the First law of geography. * Yi-Fu Tuan (born 1930) A Chinese-American geographer. * David Harvey (geographer), David Harvey (born 1935) – world's most cited academic geographer and winner of the Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, also noted for his work in critical geography and critique of globalization, global capitalism. * Evelyn Stokes (1936–2005). Professor of geography at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Known for recognizing inequality with marginalized groups including women and Māori people, Māori using geography. * Allen J. Scott (born 1938) – winner of Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, Vautrin Lud Prize in 2003 and the Anders Retzius Gold medal 2009; author of numerous books and papers on economic and urban geography, known for his work on regional development, new industrial spaces, agglomeration theory, global city-regions and the cultural economy. * Edward Soja (born 1941) – noted for his work on regional development, planning and governance, along with coining the terms synekism and postmetropolis. * Doreen Massey (geographer), Doreen Massey (born 1944) – key scholar in the space and places of globalization and its pluralities, winner of the Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, Vautrin Lud Prize. * Michael Watts, Class of 1963 Professor of Geography and Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley * Nigel Thrift (born 1949) – developer of non-representational theory. * Derek Gregory (born 1951) – famous for writing on the Israeli, U.S. and UK actions in the Middle East after 9/11, influenced by Edward Said and has contributed work on imagined geographies. * Cindi Katz (born 1954) – who writes on social reproduction and the production of space. Writing on children's geographies, place and nature, everyday life and security. * Gillian Rose (geographer), Gillian Rose (born 1962) – most famous for her critique: ''Feminism & Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge'' (1993) – which was one of the first moves towards a development of feminist geography.

Geography educational frameworks

Educational frameworks upon which primary and secondary school curricula for geography are based upon include: * *# – a position or point that something occupies on the Earth's surface. *# *# *# :wikt:movement, movement – *# * The six "essential elements" identified by the Geography Education Standards Project, under which the National Geography Standards they developed are organized:Richard G Boehm, Roger M Downs, Sarah W Bednarz. ''Geography for Life: National Geography Standards.'' National Council for Geographic Education, 1994 *# The Earth, World in spatial terms *# Place (geography), Places and regions *# Physical systems *# Social systems, Human systems *# Natural environment, Environment and Society#In sociology, society *# The uses of geography * The three content areas of geography from the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress
Geography Framework for the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress.
' National Assessment Governing Board, U.S. Department of Education, p. vii: (U.S.): *# Space#Geographical space, Space and Place (geography), place *# Natural environment, Environment and Society#In sociology, society *# Spatial dynamics and Interconnectivity, connections

References

External links

* Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). ''Glossary of Terms for Physical Geography.'' Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. . Available o
Google Play
* Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). ''Understanding Physical Geography.'' Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. . Available o
Google Play
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