botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the ''Intern ...
at the rank of
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
Caesalpinia
''Caesalpinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. Historically, membership within the genus has been highly variable, with different publications including anywhere from 70 to 165 species, depending largely on the inclusion o ...
''. It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily. The Caesalpinioideae are mainly trees distributed in the moist
tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
, but include such temperate species as the honeylocust (''
Gleditsia triacanthos
The honey locust (''Gleditsia triacanthos''), also known as the thorny locust or thorny honeylocust, is a deciduous tree in the family Fabaceae, native to central North America where it is mostly found in the moist soil of river valleys. Honey ...
'') and Kentucky coffeetree (''
Gymnocladus dioicus
The Kentucky coffeetree (''Gymnocladus dioicus''), also known as American coffee berry, Kentucky mahogany, nicker tree, and stump tree, is a tree in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Midwest, Upper South, ...
''). It has the following clade-based definition:
The most inclusive
crown clade
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...
containing ''
Arcoa gonavensis
''Arcoa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Arcoa is monotypic, with the single species ''Arcoa gonavensis''. It is endemic to Hispaniola
Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Españ ...
'' Urb. and ''
Mimosa pudica
''Mimosa pudica'' (from la, pudica "shy, bashful or shrinking"; also called sensitive plant, sleepy plant, action plant, touch-me-not, shameplant) is a creeping annual or perennial flowering plant of the pea/legume family Fabaceae. It is often g ...
'' L., but not ''
Bobgunnia fistuloides
''Bobgunnia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the su ...
'' (Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, ''
Duparquetia orchidacea
''Duparquetia orchidacea'' is a liana which is native to tropical west Africa. It is the only species in the subfamily Duparquetioideae. It is found in humid tropical forests in West and Central Africa. It is a basal member of the Fabaceae
...
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) a ...
, the group is recognized at the rank of family, Caesalpiniaceae.
Characteristics
* Specialised
extrafloral nectaries
Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollination, pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to anim ...
often present on the petiole and / or on the primary and secondary rachises, usually between pinnae or leaflet pairs
*
Leaves
A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...
commonly bipinnate
*
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...
s globose, spicate
*
Aestivation
Aestivation ( la, aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and ...
valvate
*
Anther
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
s often with a stipitate or sessile apical gland
*
Pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...
commonly in tetrads, bitetrads or polyads
*
Seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
s usually with an open or closed pleurogram on both faces
*
Root nodule
Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known a ...
s variably present and indeterminate
Taxonomy
* Caesalpinieae Clade
* Cassieae Clade
** ''
Batesia
''Batesia'' is a genus of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel ...
Chamaecrista
''Chamaecrista'' is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of the genus are commonly known as sensitive pea. Several species are capable of rapid plant movement. Unlike the related genera '' ...
'' Moench
** ''
Melanoxylum
''Melanoxylum'' is the genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species an ...
'' Schott
** ''
Recordoxylon
''Recordoxylon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Currently, there is no commercial usage for it, not as decoration nor for its nutritive properties.
The genus name of ' ...
Dimorphandra
''Dimorphandra'' is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
Accepted Species
''Dimorphandra'' comprises the following subgenera and species:
* Subgenus ''Dimorphandra'' Tul. 1844
** '' Dimorphandra caudata'' Du ...
'' Schott ''
pro parte
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnae ...
Mora
Mora may refer to:
People
* Mora (surname)
Places Sweden
* Mora, Säter, Sweden
* Mora, Sweden, the seat of Mora Municipality
* Mora Municipality, Sweden
United States
* Mora, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
* Mora, Minnesota, a city
* M ...
'' Benth.
** '' Stachyothyrsus'' Harms
* ''Dimorphandra'' Group B
** ''
Dimorphandra
''Dimorphandra'' is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
Accepted Species
''Dimorphandra'' comprises the following subgenera and species:
* Subgenus ''Dimorphandra'' Tul. 1844
** '' Dimorphandra caudata'' Du ...
Erythrophleum
''Erythrophleum'' is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae.
A partial list of species includes:
* ''Erythrophleum africanum''
* ''Erythrophleum chlorostachys''
* ''Erythrophleum couminga'' Baill.Moldenhawera'' Schrad.
** '' Pachyelasma'' Harms
** '' Sympetalandra'' Stapf
** Mimosoid clade (~40 genera)
* ''Peltophorum'' Clade
** '' Bussea'' Harms
** '' Colvillea'' Bojer ex Hook.
** '' Conzattia'' Rose
** ''
Delonix
''Delonix'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It contains trees that are native to Madagascar and East Africa. By far the best known species is the Royal Poinciana ('' D. regia'').
The name o ...
Parkinsonia
''Parkinsonia'' , also ''Cercidium'' , is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 12 species that are native to semi-desert regions of Africa and the Americas. The name of the genus honors English apothecary ...
'' L.
** ''
Peltophorum
''Peltophorum'' is a genus of 5–15 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The genus is native to certain tropical regions across the world. The species are medium-sized to large trees growing up to 15†...
Sclerolobium
''Sclerolobium'' is a genus of 40 species of flowering plants in the Leguminosae. It has been suggested that it should be merged with '' Tachigali''.
Species
* '' Sclerolobium albiflorum'' Benoist
* '' Sclerolobium amplifolium'' Ducke
* '' Scl ...
Ceratonia
''Ceratonia'' is small genus of flowering plant, flowering trees in the pea family, Fabaceae, Endemism, endemic to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Its best known member, the Ceratonia siliqua, carob tree, is cultivated for its pod ...
'' L.
** ''
Gleditsia
''Gleditsia'' (honey locust) is a genus of trees in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, native to North America and Asia. The Latin name commemorates Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden, who died i ...
'' L.
** ''
Gymnocladus
''Gymnocladus'' (Neo-Latin
New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zool ...
'' Lam.
** ''
Tetrapterocarpon
''Tetrapterocarpon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is endemic to Madagascar.Umtiza
''Umtiza'' is a monotypic genus in the legume family Fabaceae containing the single species ''Umtiza listeriana''. This tree is endemic to a small coastal portion of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.
Distribution
''Umtiza listeriana'' is found ...
'' Sim
* Unassigned
** ''
Pterogyne
''Pterogyne'' is a monotypic genus in the legume family, Fabaceae. The sole species is ''Pterogyne nitens''. Spanish common names include guiraró, palo coca, or tipa colorado. In Portuguese, it is commonly known as amendoim bravo, cocal or madei ...
'' Tul.
Phylogenetics
Caesalpinioideae, as it was traditionally
circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
, was
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
. Several
molecular phylogenies
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
in the early 2000s showed that the other two subfamilies of
Faboideae
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.
This subfamily is wide ...
and
Mimosoideae
The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals ...
) were both nested within Caesalpinioideae. Consequently, the subfamilies of Fabaceae were reorganized to make them monophyletic. Caesalpinioideae, as currently defined, contains the following subclades: