''Botrylloides violaceus'' is a
colonial
Colonial or The Colonial may refer to:
* Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology)
Architecture
* American colonial architecture
* French Colonial
* Spanish Colonial architecture
Automobiles
* Colonial (1920 au ...
ascidian
Ascidiacea, commonly known as the ascidians, tunicates (in part), and sea squirts (in part), is a polyphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" m ...
. It is commonly known as the chain tunicate, but has also been called several other common names, including: lined colonial tunicate, orange sheath tunicate, orange tunicate, and violet tunicate.
Its native range is in the northwest Pacific from southern China to Japan and Siberia. Colonies grow on solid substrates and consist of individuals arranged in twisting rows. Outside its native range, it is considered an invasive species and is becoming more common in coastal waters of North America and other waters around the world, likely being spread by shipping industries.
In the San Francisco Bay area, ''B. violaceus'' can be readily found on boat docks in the Richmond Marina.
The ecological impact of ''B. violaceus'' in this region remains unknown.
Morphology
Zooids are embedded in a transparent tunic and connected by a network of blood vessels that terminate in ampullae (small sac-like structures) at the periphery of the colony. Colony color varies from bright orange to reddish or dull purple. These tunicates usually
have 8 branchial tentacles and 11 rows of stigmata.
Significance and Interest
Colonial ascidians are the only known
chordates capable of
regenerating all body tissues. Because of chordates' close developmental relationship to vertebrates, the regenerative processes in colonial ascidians are of great interest to researchers. Whole body regeneration can be observed in ''B. violaceus'' after removal of all body tissues except the peripheral vasculature, suggesting the presence of circulating pluripotent or totipotent stem cells in the blood.
References
Stolidobranchia
Animals described in 1927
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