Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area. Białystok is located in the Białystok Uplands of the Podlachia, Podlachian Plain on the banks of the Biała (Supraśl), Biała River, by road northeast of Warsaw. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the Belarus–Poland border, nearby border with Belarus also being the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Humid continental climate#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Mild to warm summer subtype, warm summer continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character and occupy around (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth-most forested city in Poland. The first settlers arrived in the 14th century. A town grew up and received its municipal charter in 1692. Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic, cultural, and artistic life in Podlachia and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. Białystok was once an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The city continues to reshape itself into a modern middle-sized city. Białystok, in 2010, was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Etymology

Although nowadays "stok" is translated as "slope", the initial name of the settlement came from the river flowing through it. In old Polish, biały stok was a clean, swift river (biały - clean, stok - stream; river that "slides" down the slope). So inconspicuous today, the Biała River (usually called Białka), flowing through the city center, gave it its name. Due to changing borders and demographics over the centuries, the city has been known as be, Беласток (''Byelastok''^{BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian, ?}, ''Biełastok''^{Łacinka, ?} ), yi, ביאַליסטאָק (''Byalistok'', ''Bjalistok''), lt, Balstogė, and russian: Белосток (''Belostok'', ''Byelostok'').

History

Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present-day Białystok occurred during the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Osiedle Dojlidy, Białystok, Dojlidy. In the early Iron Age, people settled in the area producing kurgans, the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostołty. Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenians, Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics. The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces. Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczków family, Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Łabędź coat of arms, Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, a wilderness area along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement. Białystok administratively was part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795), Podlaskie Voivodeship, after 1569 also part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown, Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. From 1547, the settlement was owned by the Wiesiołowski family, which founded the first school.Jacek Kusznier, ''Elektrycy w historii Politechniki Białostockiej'', "Maszyny Elektryczne - Zeszyty Problemowe", Nr 4/2018, p. 163 (in Polish) The first brick church and a castle were built between 1617 and 1826. The two-floor castle, designed on a rectangular plan in the Gothic architecture, Gothic-Renaissance architecture, Renaissance style, was the work of . Extension of the castle was continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, starost of Tykocin, Grand Marshal of Lithuania since 1635, and husband of Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska. In 1637 he died childless, and as a result, Białystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowski estate, including Białystok, passed to the Crown to cover the costs of maintaining Tykocin Castle. In the years 1645–1659 Białystok was managed by the starosts of Tykocin. Salon ogrodowy Pałacu Branickich

In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes during the Deluge (history), Deluge. Four years later, it was given as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra, who married Marshal of the Crown Court Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family (Gryf coat of arms), Branicki family. In 1692, , the son of Jan Klemens Branicki, obtained city rights for Białystok from King John III Sobieski. He constructed the Branicki Palace, Białystok, Branicki Palace on the foundations of the castle of the Wiesiołowski family. In the first half of the eighteenth century the ownership of the city was inherited by Hetman, Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. It was he who transformed the palace built by his father into a magnificent residence of a great noble, which was frequently visited by Polish kings and poets. In 1745 the first military technical school in Poland was founded in Białystok,Jacek Kusznier, ''Elektrycy w historii Politechniki Białostockiej'', "Maszyny Elektryczne - Zeszyty Problemowe", Nr 4/2018, p. 164 (in Polish) and in 1748, one of the oldest theaters in Poland, the ''Komedialnia'', was founded in the city. New schools were established, including a ballet school in connection with the foundation of the theater. In 1749, King Augustus III of Poland extended the city limits. In 1770, under the auspices of Izabella Poniatowska, a midwifery school was founded, based on which the Institute of Obstetrics was established in 1805. Galeria Alfa Białystok Mariag36

The end of the eighteenth century saw the Partitions of Poland, division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in three steps, among the neighboring states. The Kingdom of Prussia acquired Białystok Department, Białystok and the surrounding region during the Third Partition of Poland, third partition. The city became the capital of the New East Prussia province in 1795. Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon I of France, Napoleon Bonaparte's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire, which organized the region into the Belostok Oblast, Russian Empire, Belostok Oblast, with the city as the regional center. Schooling and higher learning in Białystok, which was intensively developed in the 18th century, was stopped as a result of partitions. Later in the 19th century, Białystok grew into a significant center of the textile industry, the largest after Łódź in then-partitioned Poland. In 1862 a railway connection was launched, connecting Białystok with Warsaw, Grodno, Wilno and Saint Petersburg. After the failed November Uprising, November and January Uprising, January uprisings, Russification policies and Anti-Polish sentiment, anti-Polish repressions intensified, and after 1870 a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced. In 1912, a Tsarist prison was built, which also served as a transit prison for Poles Sybirak, deported to Siberia. At the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the influx due to Pale of Settlement, Russian discriminatory regulations, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63% percent). This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok. The Białystok pogrom occurred between 14 and 16 June 1906 in the city. During the pogrom between 81 and 88 Jews were killed by the Russians, and about 80 people were wounded. Bialystok pomnik Chwala Bohaterom 03

. The first anarchism in Russia, anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants were the anarcho-communist Chernoe-Znamia groups, founded in Białystok in 1903. Wizyta Naczelnika Państwa w Białymstoku (22-323-7)

Wizyta Naczelnika Państwa w Białymstoku (22-323-7)

During World War I the Bialystok-Grodno District was the administrative division of Germany, German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost. It comprised the city, as the capital, and the surrounding Podlaskie region, roughly corresponding to the territory of the earlier Belostok Oblast. At the end of World War I the city became part of the newly independent Second Polish Republic, as the capital of the Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939). During the 1919–1920 Polish–Soviet War, possession of the city by the Red Army and the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee occurred during the lead up to the Battle of Warsaw (1920), Battle of Warsaw. During the resultant counteroffensive, the city returned to Polish control after the Battle of Białystok. After the wars and the reestablishment of independent Poland, Polish education in Białystok was restored and the textile industry was revived. A municipal public library was established, sports clubs were founded, including Jagiellonia Białystok, and in the 1930s a Aleksandr Węgierki Drama Theatre in Białystok, drama theater was built. Henryk Poddębski Białystok Kościół 02

With the beginning of World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi invasion of Poland, Nazi Germany and the Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet Union. Initially Białystok was briefly Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied by Germany, and the German ''Einsatzgruppen, Einsatzgruppe IV'' entered the city on September 20–21, 1939 to commit Nazi crimes against the Polish nation, crimes against the population. Afterwards, the Germans handed the city over to the Soviet Union, as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Under Soviet occupation, it was Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 as the capital of Belastok Region. Polish people were subject to deportations deep into the USSR (Siberia, Kazakhstan, Far North (Russia), Far North). Pre-war mayor Seweryn Nowakowski was arrested by the NKVD in October 1939 and probably also deported to the USSR, however his fate remains unknown. The NKVD took over the local prison. The Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish resistance movement was active in the city, which was the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Toruń and Lwów). Białystok native and future President of Poland Polish government-in-exile, in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski was a member of the local Polish resistance and was arrested in the city by the NKVD in 1940. Initially the Soviets sentenced him to death, but eventually he was sentenced to 10 years in Gulag, forced labor camps and deported to Kolyma, from where he was released in 1942, when he joined the Anders' Army. In the course of the Operation Barbarossa, German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Białystok was occupied by the Wehrmacht, German Army on 27 June 1941, during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, and the city became the capital of Bezirk Białystok, a separate region in German occupation of Poland, German occupied Poland, until 1944. The Great Synagogue (Białystok), Great Synagogue was burnt down by Germans on June 27, 1941, with an estimated number of 2,000 Jews inside. From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city, and a Forced labour under German rule during World War II, forced labour camp for Jewish men. Since 1943, the ''Sicherheitspolizei'' carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys from the local prison to the Stutthof concentration camp. The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto. On August 15, 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred History of the Jews in Poland, Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation ( pl, Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp. The city fell under the control of the Red Army on 27 July 1944. The Soviets carried out mass arrests of Polish resistance members in the city and region, and imprisoned them in Białystok. On 20 September 1944 the city was transferred back to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s, and the Soviet NKVD and SMERSH continued the persecution of the Polish resistance in the following months. From November 1944 to January 1945, the Russians deported nearly 5,000 Poles from the local prison to the Soviet Union. Later on, the Soviet-appointed communists held political prisoners and other members of the Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953), Polish resistance in the local prison, and until 1956, they also carried out burials of executed Polish resistance members there. After the war, the city became capital of the initial Białystok Voivodeship (1945–1975) of the People's Republic of Poland. After the 1975 administrative reorganization, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship (1975–1998). Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland, Republic of Poland.

Geography

Podlaskie - Dobrzyniewo Duze - Biala river - bdg near Fasty - E

Białystok is situated in the Białystok Uplands ( pl, Wysoczyzna Białostocka) of the Podlaskie Plain ( pl, Nizina Północnopodlaska), part of what is known collectively as the ''Green Lungs of Poland''. It is situated by road northeast of Warsaw.It is the biggest Polish city close to Belarus and Lithuania. The Biała River, a left tributary of the Supraśl (river), Supraśl River, passes through the city. The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse, with high moraine hills and kame in excess of Above mean sea level, above sea level. Vast areas of Outwash plain, outwash, a Glaciology, glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier, are covered by forests. The highest point of the city lies at a height of on the Pietrasze Forest. The lowest point lies at a height of on the river valley of the Biała (Supraśl), Biała. Forests are an important part of the city character, they currently occupy approximately (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland; behind Katowice (38%), Bydgoszcz (30%), Toruń (22.9%) and Gdańsk (17.6%). Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves—a total area of . The Zwierzyniecki Forest Nature Reserve ( pl, Rezerwat przyrody Las Zwierzyniecki), which is contained within the city limits, is a fragment, , of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam. The Antoniuk Nature Reserve ( pl, Rezerwat Przyrody Antoniuk) is a park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the Białystok Upland, with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce. The of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Białystok Central Sports and Recreation Center( pl, Białostocki Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji – BOSiR). The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach, walking trails, birdwatching and fishing.

Climate

The city has a Humid continental climate#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Mild to Cool summer subtype, warm-summer continental or hemiboreal climate (''Dfb'') according to the Köppen climate classification system under the isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month, or an oceanic climate (''Cfb'') if the isotherm is used. The city would have been classified as being in the ''Dfb'' zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981–2010, a consequence of Climate change in Poland, climate change. Białystok is one of the coldest cities in Poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics, as is the case for much of north-eastern Poland, with the mean yearly temperature of and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days, shorter than elsewhere in Poland. While winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude, such as Samara, Barnaul, or Edmonton, they are relatively cold by Polish standards and colder still than in Western Europe (in cities like Bremen and Dublin). They are usually rather cold with little sunshine, with weather patterns changing from those influenced by the Low Pressure Systems, low-pressure systems generated by the Icelandic Low (when the weather is often cloudy, cool, damp, rainy and/or snowy) to the occasional intrusions of cold air masses from Siberia or the Arctic (Siberian High), which, due to the city's northeasterly location, are more frequent than in other parts of Poland. Winters thus tend to be several degrees colder than elsewhere in Poland. Freezing conditions below are possible in winter but are rare. Snow cover is present on the ground for more than half of winter. Summers tend to be warm, sunny and pleasant and are occasionally hot, but they are still a little cooler than in most of Poland. More rain falls in summer months than in any other period of the year. The centre of Białystok, as most urban areas, experiences the Urban Heat Island Effect, urban heat island effect, therefore for most of the time, the city is warmer than the surrounding countryside. The temperatures in the city centre are, on average, higher than in the surrounding villages, with greater differences at night and during the warmer half of the year, particularly in spring.

Urban layout

Bialystok is roughly circular, centered around the old city Church Square and Branicki Palace, Białystok, Branicki Palace. Originally, the city's territory was about 50 hectares. The communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the Kościuszko Square in Białystok, central market square. An inventory plan made by Becker in 1799 was needed by the Prussian authorities in connection with the negotiations on the acquisition of Białystok for a royal residence. The plan is of fundamental importance as it shows the development of the city in the first period of its creation. The area of the city did not exceed 1.5 km2, and the population was approx. 3.5 thousand. The entire urban area was closed with 6 loose-fitting gates and buildings situated on regular plots. Compact buildings were found only in the market square, the frontages of which were 1- 2-storey buildings with brick front elevations. Choroska and Zamkowa Streets were built up with only brick houses. The city was dominated by the palace complex, which, together with the park, covered an area equal to the city's investment areas. The residence palace was designed on a European scale and created new development opportunities for Białystok. After the First World War, the first attempts were made to organize the city, which had so far developed without plans - between the palace grounds and arable land. At the request of the Association of Polish Cities, in the years 1938-1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by Ignacy Tłoczek. The plan called for the creation of new communication routes, relieve the center, demolish the Chanajki district, create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings. The Second World War prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan. As a result of war damage, many buildings partially or completely destroyed, especially at the city center. The reconstruction of the town began with the restoration of the activity of textile factories. It was conditioned by the desire to improve the economic situation of the city as quickly as possible. The average height of buildings in the city is not high. The center is dominated by buildings not exceeding 25 meters in height, and the outskirts of the city are mainly occupied by low-rise single-family houses. Taller buildings dominate in two residential districts. They are the districts of Piasta (located to the south of the city center) and the Dziesięciny estate (located to the northwest of the city center). Dominants in Białystok are located mainly in the center and they are also there located two most important city icons: the Church of St. Roch and the Parish Church, which are on one axis. Each of the districts also has its dominant, which is usually a church or an Orthodox church. The most important space in the city is Kościuszko Square in Białystok, Kościuszko Square - the main square in the shape of a triangle. The space is delimited by two axes, one is part of the axis connecting the two largest churches, and the other runs towards the west of the Center district along Suraska Street and ends at Młynowa Street. An important spatial arrangement in Białystok is the Branicki Palace complex. The baroque layout of the palace complex is symmetrically shaped according to one compositional axis with a coherent garden layout. Throughout the years it expanded to include nearby villages: In the mid-eighteenth century Osiedle Bojary, Białystok, Bojary which was located on the right bank of the Biala River was incorporated to it. On May 10, 1919, in accordance with the decision of the Sejm, Białostoczek (Białystok), Bialostoczek, Horodniany, Zwierzyniec-Letnisko, Osiedle Starosielce, Białystok, Starosielce, Słoboda, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Słoboda (which was founded at the end of the 17th century, between the current Pogodna and Świerkowa Streets), Ogrodniki, Pieczurki, Osiedle Wysoki Stoczek, Białystok, Wysoki Stoczek were incorporated also, as well as two mill villages Marczuk and Osiedle Antoniuk, Białystok, Antoniuk. By the onset of World War II the city's territory amounted to 40 km². The reconstruction of the city following the end of World War II and establishment of the People's Republic of Poland saw further expansion: the villages Bacieczki, Bacieczki Kolonia, Korycin and part of the village Klepacze, Białystok County, Klepacze, Krupniki, Fasty, Zaścianki (Kurowszczyzna), Zaścianki and Zawady were incorporated into the city. The 70s saw another wave of expansion with the villages of Bagnówka, area of Zakłady Silikatowe, areas of state forests, Dojlidy ponds and the orthodox cemetery at Dojlidy. At the onset of the millennium, in 2002, the village Zawady was included in the city's limits and at the last enlargement, in 2006, the villages Dojlidy Górne, Zagórki and Kolonia Halickie were incorporated and the city reached its current territory of 102 km².

Districts

Aristo hotel, kamienica Jossema w Białymstoku

The city of Białystok is divided into 29 administrative units, known in Polish language, Polish as ''osiedle, osiedla''. The first 27 of these were created on October 25, 2004. The 28th, Dojlidy Górne, was created by on October 23, 2006, out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city: Osiedle Dojlidy Górne, Białystok, Dojlidy Górne, Kolonia Halickie, and Zagórki. A new district called Osiedle Bagnówka, Białystok, Bagnówka was created at the beginning of 2021. The center of the city, Osiedle Centrum, Białystok, Osiedle Centrum, surrounds Lipowa Street in Białystok, Lipowa Street, the main street of the city. Lipowa Street extends from Kościuszko Square in Białystok, Rynek Kościuszki (the corner of Spółdzielcza Street) to Plac Niepodległości im. Romana Dmowskiego (the corner of Krakowska Street). Over the centuries the name of this street has taken on a number of different names; Choroszcz, Choroska, Nowolipie, Lipowa, Józef Piłsudski, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, once again, to return, after the end of World War II, to its original name – Lipowa Street. Białystok skwer im

The city covers of which is agricultural land, is urbanized areas, is surface waters and is wasteland. The composition of the districts vary from residential near the city center, with a combination of multi-story apartment buildings and individual houses on small parcels, to industrial and agricultural at the city edges.

Metropolitan Białystok

Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005 to help develop the region economically. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants. The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single-family housing and small businesses.

Demographics

In June 2020, the population of the city was 296,958. Among the cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, tenth in population, and thirteenth in area. Historically, Białystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration, especially from Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to the Poles, Polish minority, there was formerly a Jewish majority in Białystok. The Jewish share in the population of Białystok grew from 22.4% (761) in 1765 to 66.6% (6,000) in 1808 and 76% (47,783) in 1895. According to the Russian Empire Census, Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (around 63% percent). According to the German census of 1916, Jews comprised about 72% of the inhabitants (no less than 40,000). The demographic situation changed due to the influx of Polish repatriants, intelligentsia and civil servants, the outflow of Jews, and the enlargement of the city after the World War I. According to the 1931 census, the population of Białystok totalled 91,101: 45.5% (41,493) Roman Catholics, 43% (39,165) Jews (by religion), and 8.2% (7,502) Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox believers. In 1936, Białystok had a population of 99,722, of whom: 50.9% (50,758) were Poles, 42.6% (42,482) Jews, 2.1% (2,094) Germans and 0.4% (359) Russians; 46.6% (45,474) adhered to the Catholic religion, 43% (42,880) to Judaism, 8.2% (8,177) to Eastern Orthodoxy and 2.9% (2,892) to Evangelicalism. World War II changed all of this: in 1939, around 107,000 people lived in Białystok, but by 1946, the population had dropped to 56,759, with much less ethnic diversity than it had had previously. Currently the city's population is 97% Polish, 2.5% Belarusian and 0.5% of a number of minorities including Russians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians. Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas.

Governance

City government

Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a City county (Poland), city county ( pl, Miasto na prawach powiatu). The Legislature, Legislative power in the city is vested in the unicameralism, unicameral Białystok City Council ( pl, Rada Miasta), which has 28 members. Council members are elected directly every four years, one of whom is the mayor, or President (government title)#Sub-national, President of Białystok ( pl, prezydent). Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a Plurality (voting), simple majority are sent to the mayor, who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a Supermajority, two-thirds majority vote. The current President of Białystok, elected for his first term in 2006, is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform's candidate, however, he has no official connection with the party. In the first round of the elections he received 49% of the votes (42,889 votes altogether). In the later runoff he defeated his rival candidate Marek Kozlowski from Law and Justice ( pl, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), receiving 67% of the votes cast (53,018 votes). For the 2010–2011 fiscal year the city received revenue (taxes levied + investments) of 1,409,565,525 zł, expended 1,676,459,102 zł leaving a budget deficit of 266,893,577 zł. The deficit was covered by short-term borrowing of 166,893,577 zł and the issuance of 100 million zł in municipal bonds. Other levels of governmental representation
It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament (Sejm and Senate of Poland, Senat) from the Białystok (parliamentary constituency), Białystok constituency. Białystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian (European Parliament constituency), Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian constituency of the European Parliament.

International relations

There are nine consulates in Białystok, a Consulate General of Belarus and Honorary Consulates of Romania, Finland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta. The City of Białystok is a member of several organizations such as Metropolis#Poland, Union of Polish Metropolises ( pl, Unia Metropolii Polskich), Euroregion Niemen, Polish Green Lungs Foundation, and Eurocities. Białystok is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with: * Eindhoven, Netherlands * Kaunas, Lithuania * Milwaukee, United States * Dijon, France * Yehud, Israel * Jelgava, Latvia * Mazara del Vallo, Italy * Lusaka, Zambia * Bornova, Turkey * Chongzuo, China * Sliema, Malta * Dobrich, Bulgaria * Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Former twin towns: * Irkutsk, Russia * Kaliningrad, Russia * Pskov, Russia * Tomsk, Russia On 3 March 2022, Białystok ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Pskov and Tomsk, and also with the Belarusian city of Grodno as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Eastern Partnership cities: * Lutsk, Ukraine * Gori, Georgia, Gori, Georgia * Bălți, Moldova * Gyumri, Armenia * Sumgait, Azerbaijan Former partnership: * Grodno, Belarus

Military units

The construction of the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway which passed through the city and was the strategic nerve of the Russian Empire, resulted in the rising of the military importance of the city: In 1879, construction of the barracks of the Włodzimierski Infantry Regiment began (currently it is the area of the Voivodeship Hospital in Białystok, Voivodeship hospital between Wojskowa, Marie Curie, Skłodowskiej-Curie and Wołodyjowskiego Streets). In 1884, barracks of the Kazan Infantry Regiment were established at Traugutta Street in Osiedle Wygoda, Białystok, Wygoda. In 1887, barracks of the Mariampole Dragon Regiment were erected at 100 Bema Street. In 1890, the barracks of Kharkov Uhlans Regiment were built at Kawaleryjska Street. Throughout the interwar period and the existence of the Second Polish Republic, the city enjoyed the presence of the 42nd Infantry Regiment (barracks at Wygoda), 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Kawaleryjska Street) and the 14th Horse Artillery Squadron ( pl, 14 Dywizjon Artylerii Konnej) (Bema Street), the command of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and spare center (Skladowej-Curie Street, then Piwna), units of the Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic), Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic. Nowik's Palace in Białystok (2)

The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment ( pl, 18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy) of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok. The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion ( pl, 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej) and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade. December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, 18th Mechanized Brigade ( pl, 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana) was disbanded and in its place created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion ( pl, 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej). The Cavalry Brigade "Białystok" (BK "Białystok") of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929. On April 1, 1937, BK "Białystok" was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade( pl, Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii). Its headquarters was located in Białystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew. It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade "Białystok", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937. After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, capitulating on October 6, 1939. During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade ( pl, 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana) at the garrison in Białystok. The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment ( pl, 3 Pułk Zmechanizowany) and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division ( pl, 1 Warszawskiej Dywizji Zmechanizowanej im. Tadeusza Kościuszki). On December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion.

Economy

In the nineteenth century, Białystok was an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century, such as ''Fasty'' in the district of Bacieczki. However, after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down. The unemployment rate for November 2020 in Białystok was 6.8%. The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018.77 zł and monthly per capita expenses of 823.56 zł The city has a number of nearby border crossings. The Belarus–Poland border, border with Belarus is only away, the nearest border crossings are located in; Bobrowniki, Białystok County, Bobrowniki (road crossing located about from the city limits), Kuźnica Białostocka (road and rail crossing located from the city limits), Siemianówka (railway – freight traffic), Połowce (road) and Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Czeremcha (railway). Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east. Bialystok - Starosielce - ul

The leading industries in the city's economy are food processing (production of meat products, fruit and vegetable products, the production of Distilled beverage, spirits, the production of frozen food, grain processing), electrical engineering (production tools and equipment for machine tools, production of electric heaters, manufacture and production mixers household appliances). There is also a developed machine industry (electronics, machinery and metal), plastic processing (production of household appliances), textiles (textiles and upholstery, manufacture of underwear, clothing accessories, footwear and backpacks), Wood (production plywood and furniture) building materials. Some major employers who are based in Białystok include: * ''Dojlidy Brewery'' in the district of Osiedle Dojlidy, Białystok, Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland, ''Żubr (beer), Żubr''. * ''Polmos Białystok'', the biggest vodka manufacturer in Poland, is located in the city district of Starosielce. The company produces ''Absolwent'' and ''Żubrówka'' (bison grass vodka) – both major exports abroad. * ''Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd.'' headquartered in Białystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago. * ''"Supon" Białystok'' is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment. * ''SavaPol, Sp.z o.o.'' is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Białystok. * ''Biazet S.A.'' is a large manufacture of household appliances, including vacuum cleaners, coffee makers, and LED lighting located in Białystok. * ''Agnella'', a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Białystok, located in the district of Białostoczek. * ''Rosti Poland Sp. z o.o.'', has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world's leading brands. * ''Biaglass Huta Szkla Białystok Sp. z o.o.'', established in 1929, produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products. Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe, where 100% of the lighting glass is mouth-blown. * ''Chłodnia Białystok S.A'' (Cold Store Białystok S.A.), established in 1952, is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables, fruits and ready-to-heat meals. * ''Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe S.A.'' was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry 'PZZ' in Białystok. It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Białystok, Grajewo and Suwałki.

Culture and tourism

Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The attractions include performing arts groups, art museums, historical museums, walking tours of architectural/cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces. Białystok in 2010 was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Performing arts

The city has a number of performing arts facilities including: The Białystok Puppet Theatre ( pl, Bialostocki Teatr Lalek), established in 1953, is one of the oldest Polish puppet theaters. The facility is located at Kalinowskiego 1 in Białystok. The repertoire includes performances for both children and puppet adaptations of world literature for adults. Because of the high artistic level of productions, the theater has been recognized as one of the best puppetry arts centers in Poland. The Aleksandr Węgierki Drama Theatre in Białystok, Aleksandra Węgierki Drama Theatre, housed in a building designed by Jarosław Girina, was built in the years 1933–1938. The Podlasie Opera and Philharmonic – European Art Centre in Białystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe. In its amphitheatre every year at the end of June Halfway Festival takes place.

Museums

There are a number of museums in the city including: The Historical Museum in Białystok ( pl, Muzeum Historyczne w Białymstoku) is part of the Podlaskie Museum in Białystok, Podlaskie Museum. The facility has a rich collection of archival materials and iconography illustrating the history of Białystok and Podlasie, and a number of middle-class cultural relics, especially in the field of craft utility. There are also the Numismatic Cabinet of the collection of 16 000 coins, medals and securities. The museum is in possession of the only collections in the country memorabilia connected with the Tatar settlement on the Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian region. 9799606013 Army Museum in Białystok

The Army Museum in Białystok ( pl, Muzeum Wojska w Białymstoku) was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with the military history of north-eastern Poland. The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre ( pl, Centrum im. Ludwika Zamenhofa w Białymstoku) has a permanent exhibition, "Bialystok of Young L. L. Zamenhof, Ludwik Zamenhof", and various temporary exhibitions, concerts, film projections, and theatre performances. The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki's Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language. Zachodnia fasada Muzeum Pamięci Sybiru

The Sybir Memorial Museum ( pl, Muzeum Pamięci Sybiru) is a historical museum opened in 2021 and dedicated to the memory of Poles as well as people from other nationalities who were the Sybirak, victims of forced deportations to Siberia perpetrated by Russia and the Soviet Union.

Parks and green spaces

Around 32% of the city is occupied by parks, squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate. The green spaces include: Branicki Palace, Białystok, Branicki Palace ( pl, Pałac Branickich) is a historical edifice and park in Białystok. It was developed on the site of an earlier building in the first half of the eighteenth century by Jan Klemens Branicki, a wealthy Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth hetman, into a house, residence suitable for a man whose ambition was to Royal elections in Poland, be elected king of Poland. The Branicki Palace, Białystok, palace complex with Garden à la française, gardens, Pavilion, pavillons, Garden sculpture, sculptures, outbuildings and other structures and the city with Church (building), churches, City and town halls, city hall and monastery, all built almost at the same time according to French models was the reason why the city was known in the eighteenth century as Palace of Versailles, Versailles of Podlaskie ( pl, wersalem podlaskim). Planty is a park created between 1930 and 1938, under the auspices of the then voivode Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace. The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla.

Architecture

The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly, but the processes in Białystok, have had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist, while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok. Main sights include: * Palaces: Branicki Palace, Białystok, Branicki Palace, Branicki Guest Palace, Lubomirski Palace, Hasbach Palace, Nowik Palace * Townhall * Białystok Cathedral, Catholic Cathedral * St. Roch Church * St. Adalbert Church * Orthodox Cathedral * Daughters of Charity Monastery * Former Arsenal * Former Masonic Lodge File:Ratusz 5.07.2012.jpg, Kościuszko Square with the Town Hall File:Białystok - Kościół św. Rocha - 2016-09-09 15-25-34.jpg, Church of St. Roch File:Adalbert of Prague church in Białystok.jpg, St. Adalbert Church File:150913 Lubomirski Palace in Białystok - 03.jpg, Lubomirski Palace File:Książnica Podlaska.JPG, Former Masonic Lodge File:Białystok Dojlidy Fabryczne 23, Pałac Hasbacha.jpg, Hasbach Palace

Sports

The city has both professional and amateur sports teams, and a number of venues where they are based. Jagiellonia Białystok is a Polish association football, football club, based in Białystok, in the Ekstraklasa (Poland's top division) that plays at the Białystok City Stadium. Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup in 2010, Super Cup and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League. A new 22,500-seat stadium was completed at the beginning of 2015. Hetman Białystok (formerly known as Gwardia Białystok) is a Polish football club based in Podlaskie Voivodeship. They play in the Division IV or the (4th) League. Lowlanders Białystok is a American football, football club, based in Białystok, that plays in the Polish American Football League ( pl, Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego) PLFA I Conference. The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season (8 wins in eight meetings). Because of the win, they were advanced to the upper conference (PLFA I) in 2011.

Media

Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published daily newspapers, Gazeta Współczesna (36.3% market share) and Kurier Poranny (modern), Kurier Poranny (20.3% market share). In addition two national papers have local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Białystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland, in addition to transmitter sites within the city. TVP Białystok is one of the locally produced, regional branches of the Telewizja Polska, TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. There is also a cable television system available within the city. The city has two campus radio stations; ''Radiosupeł'' at the Medical University of Białystok and ''Radio Akadera'' at Białystok Technical University.

Religion

In the early 1900s, Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world. In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok. Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991, during a visit to Białystok, announced the establishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok, Archdiocese of Białystok which ended the period of the temporary church administration of the portion of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius, Archdiocese of Vilnius that had, after World War II, remained within the Polish borders. The city is also the seat of the Białystok-Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church. Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland. In Białystok, the following Protestant churches exist: a Lutheran parish, two Pentecostal churches, Baptist church, a congregation of the Church of God in Christ and a Seventh Day Adventist church. Białystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims (mainly Tatars). There is an Islamic Centre, a House of Prayer, and various organisations. There is a magazine issued – "" ("Memory and persistence"). The city is the site of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary (Białystok), Divine Mercy Sanctuary with the main relics of Michał Sopoćko. File:Białystok- Stary Kościół Farny (wiosna 2009).JPG, Old Parish Church File:Białystok katedra 3.JPG, Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary File:Statua Jezusa przy kościele Zmartwychwstania Pańskiego w Białymstoku 2.jpg, Church of the Resurrection File:Podlaskie - Białystok - Białystok - Antoniuk Fabryczny 45 - Kościół Wszystkich Świętych - Front.JPG, All Saints' Church File:Cerkiew Świętego Ducha Białystok.JPG, Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit File:Białystok, ul. Lipowa, cerkiew p. w. św. Mikołaja, 1846 02.JPG, Eastern Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas in Lipowa Street in Białystok, Lipowa Street

Transport

DSC 7115 Białystok train station May 2020

The city is and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland. It is a major city on the European Union roadways (Via Baltica) and railways (Rail Baltica) to the Baltic Republics and Finland. It is also a Belarus-Poland relations, main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Hrodna, Belarus. A traffic management system has been operating in Białystok since 2015. At 120 intersections, traffic lights are coordinated in such a way that cars and buses covered the route as quickly as possible. Special cameras record traffic, travel time. Drivers receive this information on 19 boards set among others at the intersections on Wasilkowska Street, Antoniuk-Fabryczny Street and Kleeberga Street.Patrycja Piórkowska. Komunikacja miejska jako element systemu transportowego miasta Białystok – wyniki badań, p. 110

Railways

Passenger trains connect from Suwałki, Grodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network. Passenger services are provided by two rail service providers, PKP Intercity that provides intercity passengers trains (express, intercity, eurocity, hotel and TLK) and Przewozy Regionalne that operates only regional passenger trains financed by the voivodeship. Passenger trains are mostly run using electrical multiple units (on electrified lines) or rail buses. Solaris Urbino 12 Bialystok

Buses

There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services, but no tram or subway exists. The three bus operators (KPKM, KPK and KZK) are owned by the city and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet.

Roads and highways

The National roads in Poland, National Roads ( pl, Droga krajowa) running through Białystok: * / : Budzisko (Lithuania–Poland border) – Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław – Kudowa-Zdrój (Czech Republic–Poland border, Czech–Polish border) * : Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Kuźnica (Belarus–Poland border) * : Gołdap (Poland–Russia border)-Ełk-Białystok-Bobrowniki (Belarus–Poland border) The Highways in Poland, expressways ( pl, Droga ekspresowa) near Białystok: * / : Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław * ''(projected)'': Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Kuźnica (Belarus–Polish border) The Voivodeship roads ( pl, Droga wojewódzka) running through Białystok:: * : Trasa Niepodległości (Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Street, Niepodległości Avenue, Padarewskiego Avenue) * : Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Avenue ( pl, aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego) * : Porosły - Białystok - Supraśl - Krynki * : Białystok - Wysokie Mazowieckie In powiat białostocki, Białystok Country ( pl, powiat białostocki) there are also Roads in Poland, Poviat roads ( pl, Droga powiatowa) which connect Białystok with other towns in the area:

Bicycle

By 2020, there were already over 158 km of bicycle paths in Bialystok. The municipal bicycle renting system is called BiKeR and was opened in 2014. The system initially based on 30 stations equipped with 300 bikes. The city has four public bicycle repair stations, in which one can fix their private bikes. The stations are located in places where the highest traffic of city bikes was observed.

Airports

A civil airport, Białystok-Krywlany Airport, lies within the city limits, but does not provide regularly scheduled service, being currently the largest city in the European Union without an operating commercial airport. There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport, ''Białystok-Saniki Airport'', that would have provided flights within Europe.

Education

6860 Książnica Podlaska w Białymstoku November 2019

Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Hetman, Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city. Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university (University of Białystok) and two other public specialist universities (Białystok Technical University and Medical University of Białystok). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Białystok, are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.

Notable residents

Over the centuries, a number of people from Białystok have been prominent in the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences. These include Ryszard Kaczorowski, last Polish government-in-exile, émigré President of the Republic of Poland, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, Albert Sabin, co-developer of the polio vaccine, Izabella Scorupco, actress, Max Weber (artist), Max Weber, painter. Tomasz Bagiński illustrator, animator and director Oscars, Oscar nominee in 2002 for ''The Cathedral (2002 film), The Cathedral''.