The Basilica of Saint Clement ( it, Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a

Latin Catholic , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...

minor basilica In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a designation given by the Pope to a church building. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular ...

dedicated to

Pope Clement I Pope Clement I ( la, Clemens Romanus; Greek: grc, Κλήμης Ῥώμης, Klēmēs Rōmēs) ( – 99 AD) was bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. He is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as the bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 AD ...

located in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) the present basilica built just before the year 1100 during the height of the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

; (2) beneath the present basilica is a 4th-century basilica that had been converted out of the home of a Roman nobleman, part of which had in the 1st century briefly served as an early church, and the basement of which had in the 2nd century briefly served as a

mithraeum A Mithraeum , sometimes spelled Mithreum and Mithraion ( grc, Μιθραίον), is a Mithraic temple, erected in classical antiquity by the worshippers of Mithras. Most Mithraea can be dated between 100 BC and 300 AD, mostly in the Roman Em ...

; (3) the home of the Roman nobleman had been built on the foundations of republican era villa and warehouse that had been destroyed in the Great Fire of AD 64.

History

This ancient church was transformed over the centuries from a private home that was the site of clandestine Christian worship in the 1st century to a grand public basilica by the 6th century, reflecting the emerging Catholic Church's growing legitimacy and power. The archaeological traces of the basilica's history were discovered in the 1860s by Joseph Mullooly, Prior of the house of Irish Dominicans at San Clemente (1847-1880).

Before the 4th century

The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly republican era building that might have been destroyed in the Great Fire of 64. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the Severan marble plan of the city), was built or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an '' insula'', or apartment block, was also built . It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a ''

,'' a sanctuary of the cult of Mithras, was built in the courtyard of the ''insula.'' The main cult room (the ''speleum'', "cave"), which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage.. The ''exedra'', the shallow apse at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like. Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the

tauroctony ''Tauroctony'' is a modern name given to the central cult reliefs of the Roman Mithraic Mysteries. The imagery depicts Mithras killing a bull, hence the name ''tauroctony'' after the Greek word (, "bull killing"). A ''tauroctony'' is distinct ...

(the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face. The torchbearers

Cautes and Cautopates Cautes and Cautopates are torch-bearers depicted attending the god Mithras in the icons of the ancient Roman cult of Mithraism, known as Tauroctony. Cautes holds his torch raised up, and Cautopates holds his torch pointed downward. Interpretatio ...

appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one ''pater'' Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as Titus Arrius Antoninus' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of

Sol Sol or SOL may refer to: Astronomy * The Sun Currency * SOL Project, a currency project in France * French sol, or sou * Argentine sol * Bolivian sol, the currency of Bolivia from 1827 to 1864 * Peruvian sol, introduced in 1991 * Peruvian sol ...

kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of , i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found . One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures, one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument, – a statue of St. Peter found in the ''speleum'''s vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.

4th–11th century

At some time in the 4th century, the lower level of the industrial building was filled in with dirt and rubble and its second floor remodeled. An apse was built out over part of the domus, whose lowest floor, with the Mithraeum, was also filled in. This "first basilica" is known to have existed in 392, when St. Jerome wrote of the church dedicated to St. Clement, i.e.

, a 1st-century AD Christian convert and previously considered by patrologists and ecclesiastical historians to be identical with Titus Flavius Clemens. Restorations were undertaken in the 9th century and ca 1080–99. The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by

Pope Zosimus Pope Zosimus was the bishop of Rome from 18 March 417 to his death on 26 December 418. He was born in Mesoraca, Calabria. Zosimus took a decided part in the protracted dispute in Gaul as to the jurisdiction of the See of Arles over that of Vien ...

(417) and Symmachus (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as Pope Paschal II. Interior of San Clemente, Rome

Apart from those in Santa Maria Antiqua, the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente. Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and

translation Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transla ...

of St. Clement, and on the life of St. Alexius. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens ("''puerulus Clemens''," i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are portrayed on a small scale witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is one of the earliest examples of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian "Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!", which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: "Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis", which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts." Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna), whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.

The second basilica

The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the Norman sack of the city under

Robert Guiscard Robert Guiscard (; Modern ; – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become count and then duke of Apulia and Calab ...

in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna. Lila Yawn, "Clement’s New Clothes. The Destruction of Old S. Clemente in Rome, the Eleventh-Century Frescoes, and the Cult of (Anti)Pope Clement III," ''Reti Medievali Rivista'', 13/1 (Apr. 2012), pp. 175-208.
Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an atrium (''B'' on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a

cloister A cloister (from Latin ''claustrum'', "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against ...

, with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of

Carlo Fontana Carlo Fontana (1634 or 1638–1714) was an Italian architect originating from today's Canton Ticino, who was in part responsible for the classicizing direction taken by Late Baroque Roman architecture. Biography There seems to be no proof tha ...

), supported on antique columns, and his little

campanile A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell tow ...

(''illustration''). The

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its nam ...

church behind it is in three

nave The nave () is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-typ ...

s divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with Cosmatesque inlaid paving. The 12th-century schola cantorum (''E'' on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the presbytery is a ciborium (''H'' on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the

crypt A crypt (from Latin '' crypta'' " vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics. Originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a c ...

below. The episcopal seat stands in the

apse In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin 'arch, vault' from Ancient Greek 'arch'; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an '' exedra''. ...

, which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the ''Triumph of the Cross'' that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.

Side entrance to the Basilica of San Clemente

Irish Dominicans have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667.

Pope Urban VIII Pope Urban VIII ( la, Urbanus VIII; it, Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As po ...

gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students. On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope

Clement XI Pope Clement XI ( la, Clemens XI; it, Clemente XI; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in March 1721. Clement XI w ...

in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries." Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719. The carved and gilded

coffer A coffer (or coffering) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also ...

ed ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos. The inscriptions found in S. Clemente, a valuable source illustrating the history of the Basilica, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella. In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints

Cyril and Methodius Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited w ...

, who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the Glagolitic alphabet, and

Christianized Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...

the

Slavs Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group. They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, main ...

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...

used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries. The chapel also holds a Madonna by Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato. The current position of

Cardinal Priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...

of the ''Titulus S. Clementi'' is vacant. Pope Paschal II (1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the '' titulus''. During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the

Basilica di San Clemente The Basilica of Saint Clement ( it, Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a Latin Catholic minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: ( ...

, since it was under Irish diplomatic protection, under a painting of

Tobias Tobias is the transliteration of the Greek which is a translation of the Hebrew biblical name he, טוֹבִיה, Toviyah, JahGod is good, label=none. With the biblical Book of Tobias being present in the Deuterocanon/Apocrypha of the Bible ...

List of Cardinal Protectors

This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of ''Sancti Clementi''. * Hugo Candidus (1049–1078?) * Rainero di Bleda, O.Cist. (1078-1099) *

Anastasius of S. Clemente Anastasius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the ''titulus'' of S. Clemente in Rome. Anastasius' career began as a member of the papal court. He was made a ''iudex datus'' (judge) by Pope Urban II in a dispute over the owners ...

(1102–1125) * Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi, (1125-1137) * Lucio Boezio, (1138-1144) * Bernardo, (1145-1158) * Vernavero, (1170-1178) * Pietro, (1188-1188) * Giovanni, (1189-1199) *

Pietro Peregrosso Pietro Peregrosso (born in Milan, ca. 1225; died in Anagni, or Rome, 1 August 1295) was a Roman Catholic legal scholar, ecclesiastical bureaucrat, and Cardinal (1288-1295). He had a sister, who was a nun at the convent of S. Agnete de Archagniago ...

, (1289-1295) * Guillaume de Ferrières (cardinal), (18 September 1294 – 7 September 1295) * Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani, OFM (17 December 1295 – 1 January 1300) * Bernard de Garves, (18 June 1316 – 1328) * Pierre Bertrand, (20 December 1331 – 23 June 1349) *

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, (17 December 1350-December 1356) * Guillaume de la Jugie, (22 April 1368 – 28 April 1374) * Pierre dela Jugie, (22 December 1375 – 19 November 1376) *

Gérard du Puy Gérard du Puy (died 14 February 1389) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and cardinal-nephew of Pope Gregory XI. Papal legate In 1372, du Puy, already abbot of Marmoutier ( it, abate di Monmaggiore) with the diocese of Tours, Fr ...

, (3 February 1377 – 14 February 1389) * Poncello Orsini, (18 September 1378 – 2 February 1395) * Gabriele Condulmer, (9 May 1408 – 1426) * Hugues de Lusignan, (11 March 1431 – 20 April 1431) *

Francesco Condulmer Francesco Condulmer (1390 – 30 October 1453) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was made cardinal on 19 September 1431 by his uncle, Pope Eugenius IV, and accumulated many offices and dignities. He was Camerlengo of the Holy Roma ...

, (19 September 1431-April 1445) * Enrico Rampini, (16 December 1446 – 4 July 1450) *

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, (9 March 1457 – 14 April 1460) * Giacopo Antonio Venier, (3 December 1476 – 3 August 1479) *

Domenico della Rovere Domenico della Rovere (1442 – 23 April 1501) was an Italian cardinal and patron of the arts. Life He was born at Vinovo, near Turin, and was not a relative of Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco Della Rovere), who, however, favoured him in the hope ...

, (13 August 1479 – 22 April 1501) * Jaime Serra I Cau, (28 June 1502 – 20 January 1511) *

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, (17 March 1511 – 23 August 1511) * Giulio de Medici, (26 June 1517 – 6 July 1517) *

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, (6 July 1517 – 20 August 1519) *

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, (20 August 1519 – 1528) *

Andrea Matteo Palmieri Andrea Matteo Palmieri (1493–1537) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Andrea Matteo Palmieri was born in Naples on August 10, 1493. He was a cleric in Naples before being elected Archbishop of Averenza and Matera ...

, (21 November 1527 – 20 January 1537) * Girolamo Ghinucci, (25 January 1537 – 3 July 1541) * Gian Pietro Carafa, (6 July 1541 – 24 September 1543) * Rodolfo Pio, (24 September 1543 – 17 October 1544) *

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, OBE (17 October 1544 – 19 January 1547) * Juan Alvarez de Toledo, OP (24 January 1547 – 4 December 1551) *

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, (4 December 1551 – 7 November 1565) * Gianantonio Capizucchi, (7 November 1565 – 28 January 1569) *

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, (9 February 1569 – 9 June 1570) * Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni, (9 June 1570 – 3 July 1570) * Stanislaw Hozjusz, (3 July 1570 – 9 July 1578) * Gianfrancesco Gambara, (9 July 1578 – 17 August 1579) *

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, (17 August 1579 – 5 December 1580) *

Alfonso Gesualdo Alfonso Gesualdo di Conza (20 October 1540 – 14 February 1603) was an Italian Cardinal starting in 1561. He was from Calitri, not far from Naples. His attendance at the papal conclave of 1565-1566 at the age of only 25 makes him one of the yo ...

, (5 December 1580 – 4 March 1583) * Prospero Santacroce, (4 March 1583-2 March 1589l *

Vincenzo Lauro Vincenzo Lauro (1523–1592) was an Italian papal diplomat, bishop of Mondovì, and Cardinal from 1583. He was born at Tropea. His career was forwarded by Cardinal Pier Paolo Parisio and Cardinal Nicola Gaddi. He became a diplomat while acting ...

, (2 March 1589 – 17 December 1592) * Flaminio Piatti, (15 March 1593 – 10 June 1596) * Gian Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini, (21 June 1596 – 16 July 1605) * Carlo Conti, (17 August 1605 – 7 January 1613) * Jean de Bonsi, (20 July 1615 – 3 March 1621) * Desiderio Scaglia, OP (3 March 1621 – 9 February 1626) *

Giovanni Domenico Spinola Giandomenico Spinola (1580 – 11 August 1646) (also Giovanni Domenico Spinola) Early life Spinola was born in 1580 in Genoa. Though few records exist detailing his family background or education, he is listed as ''Questore'' (commissioner) of t ...

, (9 February 1626 – 11 August 1646) * Marcantonio Franciotti, (17 August 1637 – 19 December 1639) *

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, OP (10 February 1642 – 16 February 1667) * Innico Caracciolo (seniore), (18 July 1667 – 30 January 1685) *

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, (10 April 1690 – 2 October 1696) * Tommaso Maria Ferrari, OP (2 January 1696 – 20 August 1716) * Annibale Albani, (6 July 1722 – 24 July 1730; 24 July 1730 – 21 October 1751) *

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, (10 December 1753 – 12 February 1759) *

Gian Francesco Albani Gian Francesco Albani (26 February 1720 – 15 September 1803) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He was a member of the Albani family. Albani was born in Rome, the son of Carlo Albani, Duke of Soriano; his grand-uncle was Pope Clement XI (Gian ...

, (12 February 1759 – 21 July 1760) *

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, (24 January 1763 – 14 December 1772) * Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto, (26 April 1773 – 15 September 1788) * Stefano Borgia, (3 August 1789 – 23 November 1804) * Benedetto Naro, (29 April 1816 – 6 October 1832) * Benedetto Cappelletti, (17 December 1832 – 15 May 1834) *

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, (1 August 1834 – 11 April 1835) *

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, (21 November 1836 – 3 April 1843) * Antonio Maria Cadolini, (22 June 1843 – 1 August 1851) * Domenico Lucciardi, (18 March 1852 – 13 March 1864) * Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de Bonnechose, (22 September 1864 – 28 October 1883) *

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, (22 June 1899 – 25 April 1908) *

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, (30 November 1911 – 22 April 1944) * John Joseph Glennon, (22 June 1946 – 9 March 1946) * Johannes de Jong, (12 October 1946 – 8 September 1955) *

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(25 May 1985 – 2 September 2020) *

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(27 August 2022 – present)

Priors

* Paul Lawlor (since 2021) * Stephen Hutchinson (2019-2021) * Thomas McCarthy (2015-2018) * John M. Cunningham (2012-2015) * Terence Crotty (2011-2012) * Michael Dunleavy (2008-2011) * John M. Cunningham (2005-2008) * (William) Luke Dempsey OP, prior (1977-197?) * Raymond M. Dowdall OP, spent 21 years in San Clemente, prior for 6 years * Michael Browne OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1930) became Cardinal * James Crotty OP, prior for two periods * Thomas Folan OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858) * Joseph Mullooly OP, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857) * Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prior (1848-1850) * Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??) * John Connolly OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as Bishop of New York *

Richard Luke Concanen Richard Luke Concanen, O.P. (December 27, 1747 – June 19, 1810), was an Irish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of New York (1808–1810). Life Richard Concanen was born in Kilbegnet, County ...

OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York

Relics

* Pope Saint Clement I (

relics In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangi ...

) * Saint Ignatius of Antioch (

) * Saint Cyril the Philosopher (

)

The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction

* The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria" featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's ''When in Rome'' (1970) is modelled closely on S. Clemente. * The crypto-thriller ''The Sword of Moses'' by

Dominic Selwood Dominic Selwood (born 1970) is an English historian, author, journalist and barrister. He has written several works of history, historical fiction and historical thrillers, most notably '' The Sword of Moses''. and '' Anatomy of a Nation. A H ...

(Corax, London, 2013, ) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum. * The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in Call Me By Your Name is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.

Notes

Bibliography

* * Leonard E Boyle; Eileen M C Kane; Federico Guidobaldi; Luke Dempsey, ''San Clemente miscellany / 2, Art and archaeology'' (Romae : apud S. Clementem, 1978). * Joan Barclay Lloyd, ''The Medieval Church and Canonry of S. Clemente in Rome'' (Rome: San Clemente, 1989) an Clemente miscellany, 3 * Federico Guidobaldi; Claudia Barsanti; Alessandra Guiglia Guidobaldi, ''San Clemente'' (Romae : San Clemente, 1992). * . * John Melville-Jones; "The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome", The Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 175, 2015, 137–45.

External links

Basilica San Clemente - Basilica San Clemente - Official Website

Kunsthistorie.com
gallery.
Article on Basilica of San Clemente written by Holly Hayes, Sacred Destinations
*High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images o
Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano , Art Atlas
{{DEFAULTSORT:San Clemente, Rome

Clemente Clemente is both an Italian, Spanish and Portuguese surname and a given name. Notable people with the surname include: Surname * Aldo Di Clemente (born 1948), Italian amateur astronomer * Anna Clemente (born 1994), Italian racewalker * Ari Cleme ...

Romanesque architecture in Lazio Mithraea Sites of papal elections 4th-century churches 12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1719

18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Irish diaspora in Europe