Bachillerato
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The Spanish Baccalaureate ( es, Bachillerato) is the post-16 stage of
education in Spain Education in Spain is regulated by the ''Ley Orgánica 8/2013, de 9 de diciembre, para la mejora de la calidad educativa'' (LOMCE, Organic Law for the improvement of educational quality) that expands upon Article 27 of the Spanish Constitution ...
, comparable to the A Levels/
Higher (Scottish) In the Scottish secondary education system, the Higher () is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) offered by the Scottish Qualification ...
in the UK, the
French Baccalaureate French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with France ...
in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
or the
International Baccalaureate The International Baccalaureate (IB), formerly known as the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), is a nonprofit foundation headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and founded in 1968. It offers four educational programmes: the IB D ...
. It follows the
ESO The European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, commonly referred to as the European Southern Observatory (ESO), is an intergovernmental research organisation made up of 16 member states for ground-based ast ...
(compulsory stage of secondary education). After taking the ''Bachillerato'', a student may enter vocational training (Higher-level Training Cycles, ''Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior'') or take the "''
Selectividad is the popular name given to the Spanish University Admission Tests ("", E.v.A.U.), a non-compulsory exam taken by students after secondary school, necessary to get into University. Students must take six 90-minute written exams over three days ...
''" tests for admission to university. There are two parts, a core curriculum with the compulsory subjects and a specialist part with a number of pre-selected branches to choose from.


History

In Spanish (and Hispano-American) education from the 13th century up to the 17th or 18th century, the term ''Bachiller'' referred to the lower grade of university studies, enabling entry to a profession without reaching the higher grades of ''licenciado'' or ''doctorado''. Before 1953 in Spain, the term ''bachillerato'' covered all of
secondary education Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale. Level 2 or lower secondary education (less commonly junior secondary education) is considered the second and final pha ...
, which was taken after passing an entrance examination by those students expected to go to university. It consisted of seven yearly stages, normally taken between the ages of 10 and 17. On completion, students took a State Examination (''Examen de Estado''). From 1949 there was also a vocational or technical version (''Bachillerato Laboral''). In 1953 the ''bachillerato'' was divided into two parts: ''Bachillerato Elemental'' (elementary) and ''Bachillerato Superior'' (higher). The first was taken over four years, at ages 10–14, and the second over two years at 15 and 16; each stage terminated with a final examination (''Reválida''). Students who had remained in primary education up to the age of 14, on passing the first-stage ''Reválida'', could still enter the ''Bachillerato Superior'', in which there were two branches: Sciences and Arts. Following this, students could take a one-year stage of pre-university studies (''Preuniversitario'', or "''Preu''" for short). Reforms during the 1970s absorbed the ''Bachillerato Elemental'' into the upper stages of the basic education system for 6- to 14-year-olds, and replaced the ''Bachillerato Superior'' with a three-year ''Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente'' (BUP). At the age of 14 a student could now opt to enter the BUP without having to pass a specific test, or could go into vocational training. The "''Preu''" was replaced by a ''Curso de Orientación Universitaria'' (COU). The introduction under "LOGSE" of compulsory secondary education up to age 16 (''Educación Secundaria Obligatoria'', ESO) took place during the 1990s. The ''Bachillerato'' now became a two-year course following the completion of compulsory education, with middle-grade vocational training as an alternative. It had five branches: Arts, Technology, Social Sciences, Health Sciences, and Humanities. Further reforms were made under the "LOE" of 2006, and under the "LOMCE" of 2013.


Present

As established under LOE (the Spanish Educational Law) of 2006, the Baccalaureate is studied over two years, usually upon the completion of compulsory secondary education (ESO). Following the enactment of LOMCE, there are three distinct branches: Arts (two paths), Sciences and Technology, and Humanities and Social Sciences, with two "itineraries" for the Humanities and Social Sciences branch. As in the compulsory primary and secondary stages of education, in the Baccalaureate there is a distinction between "core subjects", "specialist subjects" and "subjects chosen by the
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" — this last category denotes the language and literature of the regional co-official language (
Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
,
Valencian Valencian () or Valencian language () is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community (Spain), and unofficially in the El Carche comarca in Murcia (Spain), to refer to the Romance language also known as Catal ...
,
Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...
or Galician), if any. The national Government determines a set of core subjects, while the educational administrations of the autonomous communities may specify additional core subjects and will decide upon the list of non-core subjects. Admission to the Baccalaureate is subject to a certificate of completion of compulsory secondary education (''Graduado en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria''), or certain technical qualifications.


First year

In the first year, "general" core subjects (brown background in the table) are taught, together with "optional" core subjects (white background), of which two are chosen in each modality, and specified subjects (green background).


Core subjects


Specialist subjects

Specialist subjects, of which either two or three are to be chosen, depending on provision at the education centre: # Musical analysis I # Applied Anatomy # Scientific Culture # Artistic Drawing I # Technical Drawing I # Music (Practice and Theory) # Religion # Second Foreign Language I # Industrial Technology I # ICT I # Volume (sculpture) # Material from the block of core subjects not taken by the student


Second year


Core subjects

In the second year, "general" core subjects (brown background in the table) are taught, together with "optional" core subjects (white background), of which two are chosen in each modality.


Specialist subjects

Specialist subjects, of which between two and four are to be chosen, depending on provision at the education centre: # Musical analysis II # Earth Sciences and Environmental Sciences # Artistic Drawing II # Technical Drawing II # Foundations of Administration and Management # History of Philosophy # History of Music and Dance # Image and Sound # Psychology # Religion # Second Foreign Language II # Techniques of Graphic-Plastic Expression # Industrial Technology II # ICT II # Material from the block of core subjects not taken by the student


Provision for adults

Other means of study are especially designed for adults who wish to re-take their studies. These form part of the standard educational provision of some institutes, and are also offered in separate adult education centres. The "nocturnal" version is provided on a timetable of evening classes. The details may vary according to location, but normally there are four teaching periods of 50 minutes with a 30-minute break in the middle, between 4pm and 10pm. To cater for working adults with less time to study, individual subjects are assessed annually; thus a pass in a subject, once obtained, remains valid in following years. The course content, however, is identical with what is taught at a daytime school.


References

{{Reflist Academic degrees of Spain