Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (French pronunciation: ​[alɛksɑ̃dʁ ʁibo]; 7 February 1842 – 13 January 1923) was a French politician, four times Prime Minister.

Contents

1 Early career 2 Representative 3 Cabinet member 4 First Premiership 5 World War I 6 End of political career 7 Ribot's 1st Ministry, 6 December 1892 – 11 January 1893 8 Ribot's 2nd Ministry, 11 January 1893 – 4 April 1893 9 Ribot's 3rd Ministry, 26 January 1895 – 1 November 1895 10 Ribot's 4th Ministry, 9 June 1914 – 13 June 1914 11 Ribot's 5th Ministry, 20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917 12 References 13 Further reading

Early career[edit] Ribot was born in Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais. After a brilliant academic career at the University of Paris, where he was lauréat of the faculty of law, he rapidly made his mark at the bar. He was secretary of the conference of advocates and one of the founders of the Sociéte de legislation comparée. During 1875 and 1876 he was successively director of criminal affairs and secretary-general at the ministry of justice. Representative[edit] In 1877 he entered politics, playing a conspicuous part on the committee of legal resistance during the Brogue ministry; in the following year he was returned to the chamber as a moderate republican member for Boulogne, in his native département of Pas-de-Calais.[1] His impassioned yet reasoned eloquence gave him an influence which was increased by his articles in the Parlement in which he opposed violent measures against the unauthorized congregations. He devoted himself especially to financial questions, and in 1882 was reporter of the budget. He became one of the most prominent republican opponents of the Radical party, distinguishing himself by his attacks on the short-lived Gambetta ministry. He refused to vote the credits demanded by the Ferry cabinet for the Tongking
Tongking expedition, and helped Georges Clemenceau overthrow the ministry in 1885. At the general election of that year he was a victim of the Republican rout in the Pas-de-Calais, and did not re-enter the chamber till 1887.[1] Cabinet member[edit] After 1889 he sat for Saint-Omer. His fear of the Boulangist
Boulangist movement converted him to the policy of "Republican Concentration," and he entered office in 1890 as foreign minister in the Freycinet cabinet. He had an intimate acquaintance and sympathy with English' institutions,' and two of his published works – an address, Biographie de Lord Erskine (1866), and Etude sur l'acte du 5 avril 1873 pour l'etablissement d'une cour supreme de justice en Angleterre (1874) – deal with English law; he also gave a fresh and highly important direction to French policy by the understanding with Russia, which was declared to the world by the visit of the French fleet to Kronstadt
Kronstadt in 1891, and which subsequently ripened into a formal treaty of alliance. He retained his post in Émile Loubet's ministry (February–November 1892), and on its defeat he became president of the council, retaining the direction of foreign affairs. The government resigned in March 1893 over the refusal of the chamber to accept the Senate's amendments to the budget. On the election of Félix Faure
Félix Faure as president of the Republic in January 1895, Ribot again became premier and minister of finance. On 10 June he was able to make the first official announcement of a definite alliance with Russia. On 30 October the government was defeated on the question of the Chemin de fer du Sud, and resigned office.[1] The real reason of its fall was the mismanagement of the Madagascar expedition, the cost of which in men and money exceeded all expectations, and the alarming social conditions at home, as indicated by the strike at Carmaux. After the fall of Jules Méline's ministry in 1898 M. Ribot tried in vain to form a cabinet of "conciliation." He was elected, at the end of 1898, president of the important commission on education, in which he advocated the adoption of a modern system of education. The policy of the Waldeck-Rousseau ministry on the religious teaching congregations broke up the Republican party, and Ribot was among the seceders; but at the general election of 1902, though he himself secured re-election, his policy suffered a severe check.[1] He actively opposed the policy of the Combes ministry and denounced the alliance with Jean Léon Jaurès, and on 13 January 1905 he was one of the leaders of the opposition which brought about the fall of the cabinet. Although he had been most violent in denouncing the anti-clerical policy of the Combes cabinet, he now announced his willingness to recognize a new régime to replace the Concordat of 1801, and gave the government his support in the establishment of the Associations culturelles, while he secured some mitigation of the seventies attending the separation.[1] He was re-elected deputy for Saint-Omer
Saint-Omer in 1906. In the same year he became a member of the Académie française
Académie française in succession to the duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier; he was already a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science. In justification of his policy in opposition he published in 1905 two volumes of his Discours politiques.[1] On 3 January 1909, Ribot was elected a member of the French Senate, and in February of the following year was offered, but refused, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in the Monis cabinet. After the formation of the Poincaré Government on 14 January 1912, Ribot took the place of Léon Bourgeois
Léon Bourgeois as president of the committee appointed to deal with the Franco-German treaty, the necessity for the ratification of which he demonstrated. In 1913 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the Republic, and on the fall of Barthou's Government was invited by Poincaré, who was now President, to form a Cabinet, but refused. In 1914 he became, with Jean Dupuy, leader of the Left Republican group which refused to accept the decisions of the Radical Socialist congress at Pau in October 1913.[2] First Premiership[edit] On June 9, 1914, Ribot became Prime Minister and Minister of Justice, but his Government was bitterly assailed by the Radical Socialists as well as other groups, and only lasted one day.[2] World War I[edit] With the outbreak of World War I
World War I Ribot's great reputation as an expert in finance and foreign affairs brought him effectively into office. On 27 August 1914 he became Minister of Finance in Viviani's Ministry of National Defence, an office which he retained when, on 28 October 1915, Aristide Briand
Aristide Briand succeeded Viviani as Prime Minister.[2] On February 7, 1916 he visited London and held a conference with the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the Treasury. When Briand reconstituted his Cabinet, in December 1916, Ribot retained the portfolio of Finance. On the fall of the Briand Ministry, President Poincaré again called upon Ribot to form a government, and this time he consented, himself taking the portfolio of Foreign Affairs in addition to the premiership (19 March). In the statement of his policy made to the Chamber on 21 March he declared this to be "to recover the provinces torn from us in the past, to obtain the reparations and guarantees due to France, and to prepare a durable peace based on respect for the rights and liberty of peoples." On 31 July, in a reply to the German Chancellor Georg Michaelis, he admitted that in 1917 an agreement had been made with Tsar Nicholas to erect the German territories on the left bank of the Rhine
Rhine into an autonomous state, but denied that there had been any question of their annexation to France.[2] End of political career[edit] Ribot's final ministry was during the most dismal part of the First World War, seeing the failure of the Nivelle Offensive
Nivelle Offensive and the famous mutiny of the French soldiers which followed. Following the decision to dismiss Interior Minister Louis Malvy, his government resigned office on 2 September, but he accepted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Painlevé cabinet constituted six days later. He resigned office finally on 16 October, owing to the violent criticism of his refusal to fall into the "trap" of the German peace offers.[2] Ribot left politics, and died in Paris
Paris on 13 January 1923 at the age of 80.[3] The main grammar school (lycée) in Saint-Omer, the Lycée Alexandre Ribot, bears his name today. Ribot's 1st Ministry, 6 December 1892 – 11 January 1893[edit]

Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs Charles de Freycinet
Charles de Freycinet – Minister of War Émile Loubet
Émile Loubet – Minister of the Interior Maurice Rouvier
Maurice Rouvier – Minister of Finance Léon Bourgeois
Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Justice Auguste Bourdeau – Minister of Marine and Colonies Charles Dupuy
Charles Dupuy – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship Jules Develle
Jules Develle – Minister of Agriculture Jules Viette – Minister of Public Works Jules Siegfried
Jules Siegfried – Minister of Commerce and Industry

Changes

13 December 1892 – Pierre Tirard
Pierre Tirard succeeds Rouvier as Minister of Finance.

Ribot's 2nd Ministry, 11 January 1893 – 4 April 1893[edit]

Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior Jules Develle
Jules Develle – Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Léon Loizillon – Minister of War Pierre Tirard
Pierre Tirard – Minister of Finance Léon Bourgeois
Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Justice Adrien Barthélemy Louis Henri Rieunier
Adrien Barthélemy Louis Henri Rieunier – Minister of Marine Charles Dupuy
Charles Dupuy – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship Albert Viger – Minister of Agriculture Jules Siegfried
Jules Siegfried – Minister of Commerce, Industry, and the Colonies

Ribot's 3rd Ministry, 26 January 1895 – 1 November 1895[edit]

Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Finance Gabriel Hanotaux
Gabriel Hanotaux – Minister of Foreign Affairs Émile Zurlinden
Émile Zurlinden – Minister of War Georges Leygues
Georges Leygues – Minister of the Interior Ludovic Trarieux
Ludovic Trarieux – Minister of Justice Armand Louis Charles Gustave Besnard
Armand Louis Charles Gustave Besnard – Minister of Marine Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Poincaré – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship Antoine Gadaud – Minister of Agriculture Émile Chautemps – Minister of Colonies Ludovic Dupuy-Dutemps – Minister of Public Works André Lebon – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry

Ribot's 4th Ministry, 9 June 1914 – 13 June 1914[edit]

Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Justice Léon Bourgeois
Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Foreign Affairs Théophile Delcassé
Théophile Delcassé – Minister of War Paul Peytral
Paul Peytral – Minister of the Interior Étienne Clémentel
Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Abel
Jean-Baptiste Abel – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions Émile Chautemps – Minister of Marine Arthur Dessoye – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts Adrien Dariac – Minister of Agriculture Maurice Maunoury – Minister of Colonies Jean Dupuy – Minister of Public Works Marc Réville – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry

Ribot's 5th Ministry, 20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917[edit]

Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs Paul Painlevé
Paul Painlevé – Minister of War Louis Malvy
Louis Malvy – Minister of the Interior Joseph Thierry
Joseph Thierry – Minister of Finance Albert Thomas – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing Léon Bourgeois
Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions René Viviani
René Viviani – Minister of Justice Lucien Lacaze
Lucien Lacaze – Minister of Marine Théodore Steeg – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts Fernand David
Fernand David – Minister of Agriculture Maurice Viollette – Minister of General Supply and Maritime Transports André Maginot
André Maginot – Minister of Colonies Georges Desplas – Minister of Public Works and Transport Étienne Clémentel
Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry

Changes

4 July 1917 – The office of Minister of Maritime Transports is abolished. Maurice Viollette remains Minister of General Supply. 10 August 1917 – Charles Chaumet
Charles Chaumet succeeds Lacaze as Minister of Marine. 1 September 1917 – Théodore Steeg succeeds Malvy as Minister of the Interior

References[edit]

^ a b c d e f  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ribot, Alexandre Félix Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 285.  ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Ribot, Alexandre Félix Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York. p. 274.  ^ Duffy 2009.

Duffy, Michael (2009). "Who's Who - Alexandre Ribot". firstworldwar.com. Michael Duffy. Retrieved 21 February 2017. 

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandre Ribot.

Schmidt, Martin (1974). Alexandre Ribot : odyssey of a liberal in the Third Republic. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-247-1639-5. 

Political offices

Preceded by Eugène Spuller Minister of Foreign Affairs 1890–1893 Succeeded by Jules Develle

Preceded by Émile Loubet Prime Minister of France 1892–1893 Succeeded by Charles Dupuy

Minister of the Interior 1893

Preceded by Charles Dupuy Prime Minister of France 1895 Succeeded by Léon Bourgeois

Preceded by Raymond Poincaré Minister of Finance 1895 Succeeded by Paul Doumer

Preceded by Gaston Doumergue Prime Minister of France 1914 Succeeded by René Viviani

Preceded by Jean Bienvenu-Martin Minister of Justice 1914 Succeeded by Jean Bienvenu-Martin

Preceded by Joseph Noulens Minister of Finance 1914–1917 Succeeded by Joseph Thierry

Preceded by Aristide Briand Prime Minister of France 1917 Succeeded by Paul Painlevé

Minister of Foreign Affairs 1917 Succeeded by Louis Barthou

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Académie française seat 16

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Simon de la Loubère (1693) Claude Sallier (1729) Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet (1761) Anne-Pierre, marquis de Montesquiou-Fézensac
Anne-Pierre, marquis de Montesquiou-Fézensac (1784) Antoine-Vincent Arnault
Antoine-Vincent Arnault (1803) Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu
Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu (1816) Bon-Joseph Dacier
Bon-Joseph Dacier (1822) Pierre François Tissot (1833) Félix Dupanloup
Félix Dupanloup (1854) Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier (1878) Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot (1906) Henri-Robert
Henri-Robert (1923) Charles Maurras
Charles Maurras (1938) Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix
Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix (1953) Léopold Sédar Senghor
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Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (2003)

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Second Republic

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Second Empire

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Third Republic

Dufaure A. de Broglie Cissey Buffet Dufaure Simon A. de Broglie Rochebouët Dufaure Waddington Freycinet Ferry Gambetta Freycinet Duclerc Fallières Ferry Brisson Freycinet Goblet Rouvier Floquet Tirard Freycinet Loubet Ribot Dupuy Casimir-Perier Dupuy Ribot Bourgeois Méline Brisson Dupuy Waldeck-Rousseau Combes Rouvier Sarrien Clemenceau Briand Monis Caillaux Poincaré Briand Barthou Doumergue Ribot Viviani Briand Ribot Painlevé Clemenceau Millerand Leygues Briand Poincaré François-Marsal Herriot Painlevé Briand Herriot Poincaré Briand Tardieu Chautemps Tardieu Steeg Laval Tardieu Herriot Paul-Boncour Daladier Sarraut Chautemps Daladier Doumergue Flandin Bouisson Laval Sarraut Blum Chautemps Blum Daladier Reynaud Pétain

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Foreign Ministers of France

Ancien Régime

Revol Villeroy A. J. Richelieu Sillery R. Phélypeaux Bouthillier Chavigny Brienne Lionne Pomponne Croissy Torcy Huxelles Dubois Morville Chauvelin Chaillou Noailles Argenson Puisieulx Saint-Contest Rouillé Bernis E. Choiseul C. Choiseul E. Choiseul L. Phélypeaux Aiguillon Bertin Vergennes Montmorin Vauguyon Montmorin Lessart Dumouriez Naillac Chambonas Dubouchage Sainte-Croix

First Republic

Lebrun-Tondu Deforgues Goujon Herman Delacroix Talleyrand Reinhard Talleyrand

First Empire

Talleyrand Champagny Bassano Caulaincourt

First Restoration

Laforest Talleyrand

Hundred Days

Caulaincourt Bignon

Second Restoration

Talleyrand A. E. Richelieu Dessolles Pasquier M. Montmorency Chateaubriand Damas La Ferronays Montmorency-Laval Portalis Polignac Mortemart

July Monarchy

Bignon Jourdan Molé Maison Sébastiani V. Broglie Rigny Bresson Rigny V. Broglie Thiers Molé Montebello Soult Thiers Guizot

Second Republic

Lamartine Bastide Bedeau Bastide Drouyn de Lhuys Tocqueville Rayneval La Hitte Drouyn de Lhuys Brénier Baroche Turgot Drouyn de Lhuys

Second Empire

Drouyn de Lhuys Walewski Baroche Thouvenel Drouyn de Lhuys La Valette Moustier La Valette La Tour Auvergne Daru Ollivier Gramont La Tour d'Auvergne

Third Republic

Favre Rémusat A. Broglie Decazes Banneville Waddington Freycinet Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire Gambetta Freycinet Duclerc Fallières Challemel-Lacour Ferry Freycinet Flourens Goblet Spuller Ribot Develle Casimir-Perier Hanotaux Berthelot Bourgeois Hanotaux Delcassé Rouvier Bourgeois Pichon Cruppi Selves Poincaré Jonnart Pichon Doumergue Bourgeois Viviani Doumergue Delcassé Viviani Briand Ribot Barthou Pichon Millerand Leygues Briand Poincaré Lefebvre Herriot Briand Herriot Briand Laval Tardieu Herriot Paul-Boncour Daladier Barthou Laval Flandin Delbos Paul-Boncour Bonnet Daladier Reynaud Daladier Reynaud Baudouin

Vichy France

Baudouin Laval Flandin Darlan Laval

Provisional Government

Bidault Blum

Fourth Republic

Bidault Schuman Bidault Mendès France Faure Pinay Pineau Pleven Couve de Murville

Fifth Republic

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Finance Ministers of France
France (list)

1561–1661

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1661–1791

Colbert Le Pelletier Phélypeaux Chamillart Desmarets de Noailles de Caumont de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson Law des Forts de La Houssaye Dodun des Forts Orry d'Arnouville de Séchelles de Moras de Boullonges de Silhouette Bertin de Laverdy d'Invault Terray Turgot de Clugny des Réaux Necker de Fleury d'Ormesson de Calonne de Fourqueux de Brienne Necker de Breteuil Necker Lambert de Lessart

1791–1799

de Lessart Tarbé Clavière Duranthon de Beaulieu Delaville-Leroulx Clavière Destournelles Faipoult Ramel-Nogaret Lindet

1799–1902

Gaudin Dominique Gaudin Dominique Corvetto Roy Dominique Roy de Villèle Roy de Crouzol de Montbel Dominique Laffitte Dominique Humann Passy Humann d'Argout Duchâtel Lacave-Laplagne Gautier Passy de la Lozère Humann Lacave-Laplagne Dumon Goudchaux Garnier-Pagès Duclerc Goudchaux Trouvé-Chauvel Passy Fould de Germiny Fould Blondel de Casabianca Fould Bineau Magne La Roquette Fould Rouher Magne Buffet Segris Magne Picard Buffet Pouyer-Quertier de Goulard Say Magne Mathieu-Bodet Say Caillaux Dutilleul Say Magnin Allain-Targé Say Tirard Clamageran Carnot Dauphin Rouvier Tirard Peytral Rouvier Tirard Peytral Burdeau Poincaré Ribot Doumer Cochery Peytral Caillaux

1902–1944

Rouvier Merlou Poincaré Caillaux Cochery Klotz Caillaux Klotz Dumont Caillaux Renoult Clémentel Noullens Ribot Thierry Klotz François-Marsal Doumer de Lasteyrie François-Marsal Clementel de Monzie Caillaux Painlevé Loucheur Doumer Péret Caillaux de Monzie Poincaré Chéron Dumont Reynaud Germain-Martin Flandin Germain-Martin Chéron Bonnet Piétri Marchandeau Germain-Martin Caillaux Régnier Auriol Bonnet Marchandeau Blum Marchandeau Reynaud Lamoureux Bouthillier Cathala

1941–1944

Pleven Diethelm Couve de Murville France

1944–2000

Lepercq Pleven Philip Schuman Philip Schuman Mayer Reynaud Pineau Queuille Petsche Mayer Faure Pinay Bourgès-Maunoury Faure Buron Pflimlin Lacoste Ramadier Gaillard Pflimlin Faure Pinay Baumgartner Giscard d'Estaing Debré Couve de Murville Ortoli Giscard d'Estaing Fourcade Barre Monory Delors Bérégovoy Balladur Bérégovoy Sapin Alphandéry Madelin Arthuis Strauss-Kahn Sautter

2000–present

Fabius Mer Sarkozy Gaymard Breton Borloo Lagarde Baroin Moscovici Sapin Le Maire

Authority control

WorldCat Identities VIAF: 384316 LCCN: n2001084028 ISNI: 0000 0001 1945 9215 GND: 118788620 SUDOC: 067028608 BNF: cb13016393w (data) NLA: 35933546 SN