The Activin type I receptors transduce signals for a variety of members of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands. This family of
cytokines and
hormones include
activin,
anti-Müllerian hormone
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differen ...
(AMH),
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and
Nodal
Nodal homolog is a secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NODAL'' gene which is located on chromosome 10q22.1. It belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily (TGF-β superfamily). Like many other members of this superf ...
. They are involved in a host of physiological processes including,
growth,
cell differentiation,
homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) (/hɒmɪə(ʊ)ˈsteɪsɪs/) is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and ...
,
osteogenesis
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, ''osteo-'' and βλαστάνω, ''blastanō'' "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. However, in the process of bone formation, osteoblasts funct ...
,
apoptosis and many other functions. There are three type I Activin receptors:
ACVR1
Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1'' gene; also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in the bo ...
,
ACVR1B
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1B'' gene.
ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a c ...
, and
ACVR1C
The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene. ACVR1C is a type I receptor for the TGFB family of signaling molecules.
ACVR1C transduces signals of Nodal. Nodal binds to ACVR2B and ...
. Each bind to a specific type II receptor-ligand complex.
Despite the large amount of processes that these ligands regulate, they all operate through essentially the same
pathway: A ligand binds to a Type two receptor, which recruits and trans-
phosphorylate
In chemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology and could be driven by natural selection. Text was copied from this source, ...
a type I receptor. The type I receptor recruits a
receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) which it phosphorylates. The RSMAD then translocates to the nucleus where it functions as a
transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The f ...
.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Activin Type 1 Receptors
GS domain
TS domain
S/T domain