78K is the

trademark A trademark (also written trade mark or trade-mark) is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression that identifies products or services from a particular source and distinguishes them from othe ...

name of 16- and 8-bit microcontroller family manufactured by

Renesas Electronics is a Japanese semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, initially incorporated in 2002 as Renesas Technology, the consolidated entity of the semiconductor units of Hitachi and Mitsubishi excluding their dynamic random-access ...

, originally developed by

NEC is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC. It provides IT and network soluti ...

started in 1986. The basis of 78K Family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...

. 78K is a single-chip microcontroller, which usually integrates; program

ROM Rom, or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine * Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient * Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac * ...

data In the pursuit of knowledge, data (; ) is a collection of discrete Value_(semiotics), values that convey information, describing quantity, qualitative property, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of sy ...

RAM Ram, ram, or RAM may refer to: Animals * A male sheep * Ram cichlid, a freshwater tropical fish People * Ram (given name) * Ram (surname) * Ram (director) (Ramsubramaniam), an Indian Tamil film director * RAM (musician) (born 1974), Dutch * ...

, serial interfaces,

timer A timer is a specialized type of clock used for measuring specific time intervals. Timers can be categorized into two main types. The word "timer" is usually reserved for devices that counts down from a specified time interval, while devices th ...

I/O port Memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) and port-mapped I/O (PMIO) are two complementary methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the central processing unit (CPU) and peripheral devices in a computer. An alternative approach is using dedicated I/O pro ...

s, an A/D converter, an interrupt controller, and a

CPU core A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and ...

, on one die. Its application area is mainly simple mechanical system controls and

man-machine interface In the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine fr ...

s. Regarding software development tools, C

compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs tha ...

s and macro-assemblers are available. As for development tool hardware, full probing-pod type and debug port type in-circuit emulators, and

flash ROM Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates. Both use t ...

programmers Renesas official: are available. Historically, the family has 11 series with 9 instruction set architectures. As of 2018, 3 instruction set architectures, those are 8-bit 78K0, 8-bit 78K0S, and 16-/8-bit 78K0R, are still promoted for customers' new designs. But in most of cases, migration to

RL78 RL78 Family is a 16-bit CPU core for embedded microcontrollers of Renesas Electronics introduced in 2010. Architecture Although it has eight 8-bit registers or four 16-bit register pairs, essentially all arithmetic operations are performed ...

Family, which is a successor of 78K0R and almost binary level compatible with 78K0R, is recommended.

Variants

78K0 Series

(also known as 78K/0) is a long-running 8-bit single chip microcontroller, which is the basis of 78K0S and 78K0R Series. It contains 8× 8-bit registers ×4

banks A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets. Becaus ...

. For 16-bit calculating instructions, it performs ALU operation twice. Each instructions are performed serially without

instruction pipelining In computer engineering, instruction pipelining or ILP is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incom ...

. It has 16-bit 64K Byte address space. Some variants of 78K0 have affordable and compact type 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, which does not have

monotonicity In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of orde ...

because it is not trimmed for adjustment nor followed by

operational amplifier An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op amp produces an output potential (relative to c ...

. In its earlier stage, the ''Program Memory'' was one-time PROM (OTP), UV-EPROM, or

mask ROM Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only memory is useful for storing so ...

. Renesas official: But with the times, it became flash memory. Renesas official:

78K0S Series

78K0S Series (also known as 78K/0S) is a low-end version of 78K0. It has 8× 8-bit registers, but without any banks. In addition, some instructions, such as multiplication and

division Division or divider may refer to: Mathematics *Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication *Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division Military *Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...

, are removed from 78K0 instruction set architecture.

78K0R Series

78K0R Series is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 3-stage

. Its instruction set is similar to 78K0 and covers 16- and 8-bit operations. It has 20-bit 1M Byte address space. 75 instructions out of 80 are identical with that of

Family; its successor. Renesas official:

178K0 Series

178K0 Series (also known as 178K/0) is a successor of NEC's 17K Family 4-bit microcontroller for ''DTS (Digital Tuning Systems)'' and ''

remote control In electronics, a remote control (also known as a remote or clicker) is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually wirelessly. In consumer electronics, a remote control can be used to operate devices such a ...

s''. It integrates 17K family's peripheral functions with the 78K0 8-bit CPU core on a chip.

178K0S Series

178K0S Series (also known as 178K/0S) is also a successor of 17K Family with the 78K0S CPU core.

78K4 Series

78K4 Series (also known as 78K/4) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8-bit operations. It has 16× 8-bit registers ×4 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×4 banks. Some of these registers can be also used as 24-bit extension for

addressing mode Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how the machine language instructions i ...

s. It has 24-bit 16M Byte address space. It has microcode-based operations named ''Macro Service'' with

interrupt In digital computers, an interrupt (sometimes referred to as a trap) is a request for the processor to ''interrupt'' currently executing code (when permitted), so that the event can be processed in a timely manner. If the request is accepted, ...

functions.

78K7 Series

78K7 Series (also known as 78K/7) is a 32-bit single-chip microcontroller with 32, 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 8× 32-bit registers ×16 banks, which can be also used for 16× 16-bit registers ×16 banks and 16× 8-bit registers ×16 banks. It has microcode-based operations named ''Macro Service'' with

functions. It has 24-bit 16M Byte linear address space. It is used for some Quantum ''Fireball'' products, but shortly replaced with ''

V850 V850 is a 32-bit RISC CPU architecture produced by Renesas Electronics for embedded microcontrollers. It was designed by NEC as a replacement for their earlier NEC V60 family, and was introduced shortly before NEC sold their designs to Renesas ...

'' Family 32-bit RISC microcontrollers.

78K6 Series

78K6 Series (also known as 78K/6) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller. Its life-time was short, and less variants.

78K1 Series

78K1 Series (also known as 78K/1) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. 78K1 series is targeted for

servo control Servo control is a method of controlling many types of RC/hobbyist servos by sending the servo a PWM (pulse-width modulation) signal, a series of repeating pulses of variable width where either the width of the pulse (most common modern hobby ser ...

s of

videocassette recorder A videocassette recorder (VCR) or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, and can play back the reco ...

s. μPD78148 sub-series integrates 2

78K3 Series

78K3 Series (also known as 78K/3) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 16× 8-bit ×8 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×8 banks. Its address space is 16-bit 64K Byte. It is developed as high-end series of 78K Family. It has microcode-based operations named ''Macro Service'' with

functions. Renesas official: This series is used for

hard disk drive A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magne ...

s, especially Quantum ''Fireball'' Series. μPD78364 sub-series is used for

inverter compressor An inverter compressor is a gas compressor that is operated with an inverter. In the hermetic type, it can either be a scroll or reciprocating compressor. This type of compressor uses a drive to control the compressor motor speed to modulate coo ...

controls. Renesas official: It is also used for

traction control system A traction control system (TCS), also known as ASR (from german: Antriebsschlupfregelung, lit=drive slippage regulation), is typically (but not necessarily) a secondary function of the electronic stability control (ESC) on production motor vehicle ...

s of some cars.

78K2 Series

78K2 Series (also known as 78K/2) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. It is developed as general purpose series of 78K Family.

Predecessors

87AD Family

87AD Family is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. Its instruction set architecture became the basis of 78K.

17K Family

17K Family is a 4-bit single-chip microcontroller, especially dedicated for ''DTS (Digital Tuning Systems)'' and ''

s''. It has 2 plane of 128× 4-bit register files, and sophisticated fully

orthogonal instruction set In computer engineering, an orthogonal instruction set is an instruction set architecture where all instruction types can use all addressing modes. It is " orthogonal" in the sense that the instruction type and the addressing mode vary independe ...

. This instruction set is completely different from that of 78K Family.

Table list of 78K Family

References

External links

*Technical documents
Application note: 78K/0 Series Basic (I) Renesas Electronics

** ttps://www.renesas.com/en-us/search/keyword-search.html#q=u10182e&genre=document Application note: 78K/0 Series Basic (III) Renesas Electronics*Web sites
78K Family Renesas Electronics

CPU of the Day: NEC 78C11 Sample and the 78K family The CPU Shack MUseum

{{Renesas Electronics

78K 78K is the trademark name of 16- and 8-bit microcontroller family manufactured by Renesas Electronics, originally developed by NEC started in 1986. The basis of 78K Family is an Accumulator (computing), accumulator-based Register file, reg ...

Renesas microcontrollers