21st anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
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The 21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre began as a small march to commemorate the
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident (), were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing during 1989. In what is known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, or in Chinese the June Fourth ...
in Hong Kong. Hong Kong and Macau are the only places on Chinese soil where the 1989 crushing of China's pro-democracy movement can be commemorated, and the annual event to commemorate has been taking place in Hong Kong since 1990. In 2010, the candlelight vigil attracted more than 150,000 participants – the controversies surrounding Hong Kong authorities' treatment of the democracy goddess statues, including a controversial ban by the Chinese University of Hong Kong, were widely cited as having had a significant effect on the turnout.


Background

As the People's Republic of China has publicly embraced the
one country, two systems "One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. The constitutional principle was formulated in the early ...
model of governance for Hong Kong, the annual 4 June observance which has become a tradition since 1989 has continued after the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China.Associated Press (3 June 2010)
Hong Kong deports creator of Goddess of Democracy statue
''Taipei Times'' 10 June 2010
It is the only place on Chinese soil where the event is openly commemorated in any way and on any scale.AP (2 June 2010)
"China cartoon brings reminder of Tiananmen erased"
''The Times of India''
In Hong Kong, the anniversary was commemorated in the backdrop of the
2010 Hong Kong by-election The 2010 Hong Kong Legislative Council by-election was an election held on 16 May 2010 in Hong Kong for all five geographical constituencies of the Legislative Council (LegCo), triggered by the resignation of five pan-democrat Legislative Cou ...
, the impending LegCo vote on the reform proposals made as a result of '' Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the chief executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012'', and the leak onto the internet of ''
The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries ''The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries'' is a book issued in 2010 in the United States by West Point Publishing House, a small publisher established by Zheng Cunzhu, a former 1989 pro-democracy activist. The book contains entries from a diary ...
'', supposedly an insider's account of the top echelons of Chinese politics leading up to the fateful crackdown in 1989, written by the former Chinese Premier.


Inside mainland China

No discussion about or mention of the 1989 protests is tolerated in mainland China. Attempts to stage public events and protests commemorating the 21st anniversary in Beijing's Tiananmen Square have been largely thwarted by Chinese authorities, activists said. A planned commemoration on the campus of Beijing University failed owing to the presence of large numbers of state security police; "scuffles between police and bystanders" were reported outside the
Great Hall of the People The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ruling Chinese Co ...
and numerous government departments, including the ruling party's Central Propaganda Department. Radio Free Asia reported that dissidents have been warned, put under house arrest, or incarcerated in the run-up to the anniversary.
Sina.com Sina Corporation (, "new wave") is a Chinese technology company. Sina operates four major business lines: Sina Weibo, Sina Mobile, Sina Online, and Sinanet. Sina has over 100 million registered users worldwide. Sina was recognized by '' South ...
microblog prevented any online vigils by removing icons of a candle and cake so users cannot create tweets with
emoticons An emoticon (, , rarely , ), short for "emotion icon", also known simply as an emote, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters—usually punctuation marks, numbers, and letters—to express a person's feelings, m ...
holding vigils. However, under pretext of International Children's Day, ''Southern Metropolis Daily'' put up on 1 June a cartoon of a child drawing image hugely resembling the iconic Tank Man photograph by
Jeff Widener Jeff Widener (born August 11, 1956) is an American photographer, best known for his image of the Tank Man confronting a column of tanks in Tiananmen Square in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 which made him a nominated f ...
on a blackboard which was later taken down, but not before it had circulated on the Internet.


Japan

Elsewhere, a demonstration marking the 21st anniversary took place outside the Chinese embassy in Tokyo.Ryall, Julian (8 June 2010). "Tiananmen protester Wuer Kaixi just wants to go home", ''South China Morning Post'' As Japanese police moved a crash barrier to allow a car to enter the embassy compound, exiled student leader of the 1989 movement,
Wu'er Kaixi Örkesh Dölet ( ug, ئۆركەش دۆلەت, zh, 吾尔开希·多莱特; commonly known by his pinyin name Wu'erkaixi) is a political commentator known for his leading role during the Tiananmen protests of 1989. Of Uyghur heritage, he was bo ...
, tried to evade the police and enter the grounds of the embassy. He said his aim was to turn himself in to the Chinese government. Wuer said he was wrestled to the ground by "seven or eight" Japanese police officers about 5 metres from the embassy gates. Upon his arrest, Wuer said that he was prepared to hand himself over to the Chinese authorities, so that he could go home to China – he had not seen his parents in 21 years. He was released two days later by Japanese police.


Hong Kong march and statue incidents

On 30 May 2010 a pro-democracy camp march to the Central Government Offices by about 800 people started from
Victoria Park Victoria Park may refer to: Places Australia * Victoria Park Nature Reserve, a protected area in Northern Rivers region, New South Wales * Victoria Park, Adelaide, a park and racecourse * Victoria Park, Brisbane, a public park and former golf ...
. Some protesters continued to the Times Square shopping mall. Thirteen activists remained to protect the two 'Goddess of Democracy' statues. A scuffle broke out, and the activists were arrested with the statues taken away by police.''South China Morning Post''. "Goddess of democracy creator deported, says lawmaker" Of the two statues, one was a 6.4-metre bronze, the other 2.2-metre made in white plastic material."Goddesses freed"
, ''The Standard'' Retrieved on 5 June 2010.
On 2 June Chen Weiming, creator of the statues, arrived in Hong Kong but was immediately deported. Lawmaker James To questioned why he was deported for political reasons. The next day pro-democrat Lee Cheuk-yan said "If the government will not release the statues immediately, what difference does its action have from the crushing of the first statue in Tiananmen Square by the Chinese army's tanks?" He threatened to gather people to surround the North Point police station.''South China Morning Post''. "Police back down over protesters' art." Lee further said HK has reduced to a place with no room even for a goddess statue.''South China Morning Post''. "Dozens demand release of detained June 4 activists." The statues were freed after the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China spend two hours negotiating with the police. Eric Lai Yan-ho (), president of the students' union at Chinese University, knowing that the Pillar of Shame sculpture by
Jens Galschiot Jens may refer to: * Jens (given name), a list of people with the name * Jens (surname), a list of people * Jens, Switzerland, a municipality * 1719 Jens, an asteroid See also * Jensen (disambiguation) * Jenssi Joensuu (; krl, Jovensuu; ) i ...
had gone to the University of Hong Kong campus, wanted the two statues of democracy to go to the Sha Tin campus of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.The Standard HK.
"Goddess statue for CUHK campus `at all costs'"
Retrieved on 5 June 2010.
The Chinese University of Hong Kong also became embroiled in controversy when they denied a request by students to house the democracy goddess statue permanently on its campus. They said it should not align itself with the actions or activities which project a political position that compromises political neutrality. Students complained that outgoing vice-chancellor
Lawrence Lau Lawrence Lau Juen-yee, GBS, JP (; born 1944) is a Hong Kong economist and the former Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He was a non-official member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong from 2009 to 2012. Before joinin ...
, a member of the 11th National Committee of the
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, zh, 中国人民政治协商会议), also known as the People's PCC (, ) or simply the PCC (), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of ...
, was 'too establishment'. Student leader Eric Lai told a crowd of 2,000 people that the university officials should apologise for their opposition of the art display.''South China Morning Post''. "Students give statue a new home" Former LegCo president Rita Fan admitted there are some people in HK who just cannot forgive the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Later the statues were allowed on campus. The Alliance organised a transport truck and the delivery was escorted by police forces. The students themselves then raised it on campus. Vice-Chancellor designate Joseph Sung () agreed to share responsibility for the committee's decision. He said the school was immature in handling the situation and underestimated the political situation. He said the incident was the biggest political controversy the university faced in over 20 years.


LegCo motion

Pan-democrats condemned the confiscation as suppression of free speech during a LegCo debate. As in previous years, Democratic Party chairman Albert Ho tabled a motion calling for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre not to be forgotten and the 1989 pro-democracy movement be vindicated. The motion was backed by the 23 pan-democrats and independent Dr.
Leung Ka-lau Leung Ka-lau (born 1962) is a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Functional constituency, medical). He is the first public hospital doctor to be elected as a legislator. He beat pan-democrat Kwok Ka-ki for the seat in the 200 ...
. But as in previous years, the private motion was defeated because it failed to secure a majority in the functional constituencies, despite their being only 15 votes against and 10 abstentions—the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions voted against the motion; the Liberals and Economic Synergy abstained.Fung, Fanny & Chong, Tanna (3 June 2010). "Goddess of Democracy sculptor denied entry", ''South China Morning Post''


Candlelight vigils

According to event organisers, about 150,000 people attended a candlelight vigil at Victoria Park on 4 June matching the previous year's
20th anniversary ''20th Anniversary'' is The Rippingtons' fourteenth album, which was released in 2006. As the title states, this album commemorates the band's 20 years performing together. Track listing Packaged with the album is a DVD which contains a 25-m ...
. The police said 113,000 people showed up.''South China Morning Post''. "Huge turnout surprises vigil organisers" This was a larger than expected amount as many people were angry about the confiscation of the statues. A recorded message was played by Liu Xia, wife of
Liu Xiaobo Liu Xiaobo (; 28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese writer, literary critic, human rights activist, philosopher and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who called for political reforms and was involved in campaigns to end communist one-par ...
who drafted Charter 08 and was imprisoned by the PRC for 11 years. A gathering was also held at St. Dominic's church in Macau attended by about 700 people. '' The Financial Times'' reported an unprecedented attack of the Chinese government by loyalist Tsang Yok-sing, the founder of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong in an interview before the vigil. Tsang was principal of the
Pui Kiu Middle School Pui Kiu Middle School () is a secondary school in Hong Kong. Located in the Eastern District area of North Point. The school uses Chinese language as a medium of instruction. During a portion of its history in British Hong Kong it was known a ...
at the time – he relived the shock, disbelief and emotion when the tanks rolled in and the Tiananmen democratic movement was crushed; staff and students were all shocked to learn of the government's brutality.


Demographic and motivations

Public anger over the seizures, and fears of political repression, were widely cited as directly inciting a record 150,000 participants (or 113,000 according to the police) to attend the 6-4 vigil. Lee Cheuk-yan, vice-chairman of the Alliance, said "...the basic number who insist on attending the vigil every year has increased rapidly, and 60 to 70 per cent of participants are now young people aged below 30," who inform themselves by other than traditional means.Tsang, Phyllis (6 June 2010). "'Torch of June 4' is passing to a new generation", ''South China Morning Post'' Ming Pao polled 336 people attending the candlelight vigil; 207 of them thought freedom to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre was at risk. Commentator Frank Ching said that there was an erosion of trust the widely publicised police seizure in Times Square and the controversy at the Chinese University contributed. He said it was important for government and university authorities to work hard to maintain the trust of its people. Former legislator Albert Cheng said the main reason for the unexpectedly high turnout was more general public dissatisfaction with the government without a proper mandate, although the actions of the HK Police and Chinese University only added fuel to the fire.Cheng, Albert (9 June 2010). "The spirit of democracy means respecting others" ''South China Morning Post''


See also

* Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre *
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre The 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (20周年六四遊行) was a series of rallies that took place in late May to early June 2009 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and ...
*
2010 March for universal suffrage The 2010 March for universal suffrage () was a march held in Hong Kong on May 2, 2010. The event occurred on the second day of the Shanghai 2010 expo. It came a day after the neighboring 2010 Macau labour protest. Protest More than 3,000 people ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:21st Anniversary Tiananmen Square Incident March 2010 in Hong Kong Politics of Hong Kong Protest marches 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre Political protests in Hong Kong History of Hong Kong Protests in China