1990 Mongolian legislative election
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Legislative elections were held in
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
in 1990. The
State Great Khural The State Great Khural, ; "State Great Assembly" is the unicameral parliament of Mongolia.Montsame News Agency. ''Mongolia''. 2006, Foreign Service office of Montsame News Agency, , p. 40 It is located in the Government Palace. History ;1 ...
was elected on 22 June 1990, with a second round on 29 June, at which time the
Little Khural The Little Khural ( mn, Бага Хурал, ''Baga Khural'') or State Little Khural ( mn, Улсын Бага Хурал, ''Ulsyn Baga Khural'') was the presidium of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1924 until 1951 and then the standing legisl ...
, the new second chamber, was also elected.


Background

In 1989 the
Mongolian People's Republic The Mongolian People's Republic ( mn, Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс, БНМАУ; , ''BNMAU''; ) was a socialist state which existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia in East Asia. It w ...
witnessed a series of demonstrations against the government by the coalition group the
Mongolian Democratic Union Mongolian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Mongolia, a country in Asia * Mongolian people, or Mongols * Mongolia (1911–24), the government of Mongolia, 1911–1919 and 1921–1924 * Mongolian language * Mongolian alphabet * Mong ...
, a group formed on December 10 of that year by intellectuals under the influence of similar movements in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
.
Jambyn Batmönkh Jambyn Batmönkh ( mn, Жамбын Батмөнх, ; 10 March 1926 – 14 May 1997) was a Mongolian communist political leader and economics professor. He was the leader of Mongolia during its transition into democracy in 1990. Early life Bat ...
promised reform to placate the growing demonstrations and met with the MDU leaders, although
Dumaagiin Sodnom Dumaagiin Sodnom ( mn, Думаагийн Содном; born 14 July 1933) is a Mongolian political figure who served as Prime Minister of Mongolia from 1984 to 1990. Biography Sodnom was born in the Örgön District of Dornogovi Province on 1 ...
and other leading
Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties. It is present in most former and existing communist states. Names The term "politburo" in English comes from the Russian ''Politbyuro'' (), itself a contraction ...
members felt that a gradual five-year plan for reforms could be undertaken.Heaton, op cit, p. 51 Demonstrations continued however, with Batmönkh announcing his resignation on March 4, followed by the rest of the Politburo eight days later.
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat ( mn, Пунсалмаагийн Очирбат; born 23 January 1942) is a Mongolian political figure and a current member of the Constitutional Court of Mongolia. He served as a president of Mongolia from 1990 to 1997 fir ...
became chairman of the Hural with Sharavyn Gungaadorj appointed as Prime Minister, although it was agreed that the Hural would meet again in May to discuss constitutional change, making these appointments temporary. The demonstrations continued, however, (largely as a consequence of the lack of funding and media access for the newly formed opposition parties in contrast to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) and the army was used against the demonstrators in April.Heaton, op cit, p. 52 Meetings were held with the opposition on April 30 and free elections to the Hural were agreed on May 14.


Election campaign

The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) registered as a political party on May 24 and others followed suit, including the
Mongolian Democratic Party (1990) The Democratic Party ( mn, Ардчилсан Нам, ''Ardchilsan Nam'') is a centre-right political party in Mongolia. History Founding and early years After the 1990 democratic revolution, Mongolia became a country with a multi-party sys ...
, the
Mongolian Green Party The Mongolian Green Party ( mn, Монголын Ногоон Нам) is a green party in Mongolia. It was founded in 1990, the year Mongolia became a multi-party democracy, and was the first green party founded in Asia. From 1996 until 2000 the ...
, the
Mongolian National Progress Party Mongolian National Progress Party, also translated as Mongolian National Progressive Party and shortened as MNPP (in Mongolian Монголын Үндэсний Дэвшилтэт Нам, shortened as MYДH), was a Mongolian political party establ ...
and the
Mongolian Social Democratic Party The Mongolian Social Democratic Party ( mn, Монголын Социал Демократ Нам, , sometimes also referred to as ''Sotsdek nam'') is a political party in Mongolia. It was founded in 1990 by Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar. Other prominen ...
. However the MPRP soon took the lead by promising to cancel some debts, lower the cost of heating and provide higher wages for the poor and students. They combined this with the removal of their links to the security forces and army in order to prevent a threatened opposition
boycott A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict som ...
. Primary elections were held on June 25 with 2,400 candidates put forward to chase 799 available full candidatures for the Great Hural's 430 seats. Ultimately around 100 opposition candidates advanced, with the system criticized for favouring rural areas where the MPRP were strongest.


Results

The MPRP took 60% of the vote but won 358 seats (86%), with the opposition only managing 14% of the seats despite winning 40% of the vote. Due to election irregularities, 28 seats were held up. As a consequence of the results,
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat ( mn, Пунсалмаагийн Очирбат; born 23 January 1942) is a Mongolian political figure and a current member of the Constitutional Court of Mongolia. He served as a president of Mongolia from 1990 to 1997 fir ...
was confirmed as
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
whilst
Dashiin Byambasüren Dashiin Byambasüren ( mn, Дашийн Бямбасүрэн; born 20 June 1942 in Binder, Khentii) is a Mongolian politician who was Prime Minister of Mongolia from 11 September 1990 to 21 July 1992, the first one to be appointed by a democra ...
was appointed as
Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
. Gonchigdorj, leader of the small Mongolian Social Democrat Party, was appointed
Vice president A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on t ...
as part of an effort by the MPRP to cooperate with the opposition.
Davaadorjiin Ganbold Davaadorjiin Ganbold or Ganbold Davaadorj ( mn, Даваадоржийн Ганболд; born 1957 in Ulaanbaatar) is a prominent Mongolian economist and a politician from the Democratic Party known as Da.Ganbold ( mn, Да.Ганболд). He ...
, prominent
economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
and the leader of the
Mongolian National Progress Party Mongolian National Progress Party, also translated as Mongolian National Progressive Party and shortened as MNPP (in Mongolian Монголын Үндэсний Дэвшилтэт Нам, shortened as MYДH), was a Mongolian political party establ ...
was appointed as the
Deputy Prime Minister A deputy prime minister or vice prime minister is, in some countries, a government minister who can take the position of acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent. The position is often likened to that of a vice president, ...
.


People's Grand Khural


Little Khural


References

{{Mongolian elections Elections in Mongolia
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
1990 in Mongolia 1990 election Election and referendum articles with incomplete results