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When used as a
diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacriti ...
mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the ''
interpunct An interpunct , also known as an interpoint, middle dot, middot and centered dot or centred dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in ancient Latin script. (Word-separating spaces did no ...
'' ( · ), or to the
glyph A glyph () is any kind of purposeful mark. In typography, a glyph is "the specific shape, design, or representation of a character". It is a particular graphical representation, in a particular typeface, of an element of written language. A g ...
s "combining dot above" ( ◌̇ ) and "combining dot below" ( ◌̣ ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese.


Dots


Overdot

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark: * In some forms of Arabic romanization, stands for ''
ghayin The Arabic letter ( ar, غَيْنْ ' or ') is the nineteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ), it represents the sound or . In name and ...
'' (غ); stands for qāf (ق). * The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ. * In
Emilian-Romagnol Emilian-Romagnol is a linguistic continuum part of the Gallo-Romance languages spoken in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. It is divided into two main varieties: Emilian and Romagnol. While first registered under a single code in ...
, ''ṅ ṡ ż'' are used to represent . * Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a or "dot of lenition": ''ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ''. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter ''h'', thus: ''bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th''. In Old Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ''ḟ ṡ'', while the following ''h'' was used for ''ch ph th''; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following ''h'' when writing in antiqua. Thus ''ċ'' and ''ch'' represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish. * lt, ė is pronounced as , as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower (formerly
nasalised In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is . In the Internationa ...
), or ''e'', pronounced . * Livonian uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels. * mt, ċ is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, ''ġ'' for a voiced palato-alveolar affricate, and ''ż'' for a
voiced alveolar sibilant The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described. * The symbol for the alveolar sibilant ...
. * Middle English: ''ẏ'' was sometimes used to distinguish etymological ''y'' from the glyph's use as a replacement for '' þ'', which did not exist in early press typographies. *
Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
: In modernized orthography, ''ċ'' is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate , ''ġ'' for a
palatal approximant The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic no ...
(probably a voiced palatal fricative in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) ''sċ'' for a voiceless palato-alveolar fricative and ''cġ'' for a voiced palato-alveolar affricate . * pl, ż is used for a
voiced retroflex sibilant The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retrof ...
. * The
Sioux The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin (; Dakota language, Dakota: Help:IPA, /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/) are groups of Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribes and First Nations in Canada, First Nations peoples in North America. The ...
languages such as Lakota,
Osage The Osage Nation, a Native American tribe in the United States, is the source of most other terms containing the word "osage". Osage can also refer to: * Osage language, a Dhaegin language traditionally spoken by the Osage Nation * Osage (Unicode b ...
, and Crow sometimes use the dot above to indicate ejective stops. * In the
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Canadian syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of writing systems used in a number of Indigenous Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and (formerly) Athabaskan language families. These languages had no formal writing s ...
orthography for the
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
, Ojibwe, and
Inuktitut Inuktitut (; , syllabics ; from , "person" + , "like", "in the manner of"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces o ...
languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii ), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a
circumflex The circumflex () is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is also used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from la, circumflexus "bent around"a ...
over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô). * In
Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...
, the dot above lowercase '' i'' and '' j'' (and uppercase '' İ'') is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle. I without an overdot is a separate letter. * In the
Rheinische Dokumenta The Rheinische Dokumenta () is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the L ...
phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of ''r''. * The Ulithian language, Ulithian alphabet includes ȧ, ė, and ȯ. * The ISO 9 (1968) Romanization of Cyrillic uses ''ė'', ''ḟ'', and ''ẏ''. * In the ISO 259 Romanization of Hebrew, the overdot is used to transcribe the dagesh: ; transcribes the shuruk. * In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing languages of India, ''ṅ'' is used to represent . * United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ṙ. * In the Venda language, ''ṅ'' is used to represent . * Some countries use the overdot as a decimal mark. The overdot is also used in the Devanagari, Devanagari script, where it is called anusvara. In mathematics and physics, when using Notation for differentiation#Newton's notation, Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in v=\dot. In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an repeating decimal, infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in 0.\dot, which is equal to the fraction , and 0.\dot\dot\dot\dot\dot\dot or 0.\dot4285\dot, which is equal to 142857 (number), .


Underdot

* In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a Raising (sound change), raised or Vowel#Height, relatively high vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked. ** In Rotuman language, Rotuman, "ạ" represents /ɔ/. ** In Romagnol dialect, Romagnol, ''ẹ ọ'' are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect ''fradẹll, ọcc'' "brothers, eyes". ** In academic notation of Old Latin, ''ẹ̄'' (''e'' with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably , that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ''ei''. This vowel usually became ''ī'' in Classical Latin. ** In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels and , in contrast with the open-mid vowels and , which are represented as ''e'' and ''o'' with ogonek (ę ǫ). ** Academic transcription of Middle English uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above. ** In academic transcription of Serbo-Croatian dialects, ''ẹ ọ ạ'' (typically ) represent higher vowels than standard ''e o a'', and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below, ''e̦ o̦'' (typically ). * In Inari Sami language, Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: ''đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ'', and ''ṿ''. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only. * In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization, transcribing languages of India, a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ''ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ'', while ''m'' with underdot (''ṃ'') signifies an ''anusvara'' and ''h'' with underdot (''ḥ'') signifies a ''visarga''. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the ring (diacritic) below the vocalic ''r'' and ''l''. * In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages, particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages, an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant. The romanization of Arabic uses . * In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LC Romanization of Hebrew, ''ṿ'' represents vav (ו), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth (ב). ''ḳ'' represents qoph (ק) * The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants represent the emphaticized sounds . *In Asturian language, Asturian, ''ḷḷ'' (underdotted double ''ll'') represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate, depending on dialect, and ''ḥ'' (underdotted ''h'') the voiceless glottal fricative. *In O'odham language, ''Ḍ'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a voiced retroflex stop. * Vietnamese: The ''nặng'' tone (linguistics), tone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''. * In Igbo language, Igbo, an underdot can be used on ''i'', ''o'', and ''u'' to make ''ị'', ''ọ'', and ''ụ''. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height. * In Yoruba language, Yoruba, an underdot can be used on ''e'' and ''o'' to make ''ẹ'' and ''ọ'', symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on ''s'' to make ''ṣ'', symbolizing a postalveolar articulation. * In Americanist phonetic notation, ''x'' with underdot ''x̣'' represents a voiceless uvular fricative. * Underdots are used in the
Rheinische Dokumenta The Rheinische Dokumenta () is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the L ...
phonetic writing system to denote a voiced ''s'' and special pronunciations of ''r'' and ''a''. * In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe language, Eastern Ojibwe and Ottawa dialect, Odaawaa, in ''g̣'', ''ḥ'', and ''ḳ'', underdot is used to indicate labialization when either or following them was lost in Syncope (phonology), syncope. * The Sicilian language, Sicilian nexus ''ḍḍ'' is used to represent . * In Kalabari language, Kalabari, ''ḅ'' and ''ḍ'' are used. * In Marshallese language, Marshallese, underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ''ṃ''. * In Old Irish typography the letters ḃ, ḋ and ṫ are some times written as ḅ, ḍ and ṭ. * UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ, and ỵ. * In Mizo language, Mizo, ''ṭ'' represents . * The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called nukta.


Raised dot

* Number digits in Enclosed Alphanumerics: ' * In
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Canadian syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of writing systems used in a number of Indigenous Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and (formerly) Athabaskan language families. These languages had no formal writing s ...
, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, Diaeresis (diacritic), diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter . Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe language, Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either or ; there also is a raised dot Final , which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree language, Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.


Letters with dot


Encoding

In Unicode, the dot is encoded at: * and at: * * * There is also: * * Pre-composed characters: *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *                     *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *           *           *             *       *       *       *       *             *       *         *     *   *   *   *     *  


See also

*Anunaasika *Chandrabindu *Diaeresis (diacritic) *Tittle *Arabic alphabet *Hebrew diacritics *Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode ** Therefore sign (∴ and "because sign" ∵) ** Ratio () ** Proportionality (mathematics) (∷)


References


External links


Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
{{Latin script, , dot Latin-script diacritics Polish letters with diacritics, Diakrytyka Vietnamese alphabets