Álava
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Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a
province of Spain A province in Spain * es, provincias, ; sing. ''provincia'') * Basque (, sing. ''probintzia''. * Catalan (), sing. ''província''. * Galician (), sing. ''provincia''. is a territorial division defined as a collection of municipalities, ...
and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin
titular see A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbish ...
. Its capital city,
Vitoria-Gasteiz es, vitoriano, vitoriana, , population_density_km2 = auto , blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) , blank_info_sec1 = Spanish, Basque , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
, is also the seat of the political main institutions of the
Basque Autonomous Community The Basque Country (; eu, Euskadi ; es, País Vasco ), also called Basque Autonomous Community ( eu, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, links=no, EAE; es, Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, links=no, CAPV), is an autonomous community of Spain. It ...
. It borders the Basque provinces of
Biscay Biscay (; eu, Bizkaia ; es, Vizcaya ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao. B ...
and
Gipuzkoa Gipuzkoa (, , ; es, Guipúzcoa ; french: Guipuscoa) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French depa ...
to the north, the community of
La Rioja La Rioja () is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, an ...
to the south, the
province of Burgos The Province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. ...
(in the community of
Castile and León Castile and León ( es, Castilla y León ; ast-leo, Castiella y Llión ; gl, Castela e León ) is an autonomous community in northwestern Spain. It was created in 1983, eight years after the end of the Francoist regime, by the merging of the ...
) to the west and the community of
Navarre Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
to the east. The Enclave of Treviño, surrounded by Alavese territory, is however part of the province of Burgos, thus belonging to the autonomous community of Castile and León, not Álava. It is the largest of the three provinces in the Basque Autonomous Community in geographical terms, with 2,963 km2, but also the least populated with 331,700 inhabitants (2019).


Etymology

Built around the Roman mansion Alba located on the road ab Asturica Burdigalam (possibly the current village of Albéniz near
Agurain Agurain in Basque language, Basque and Salvatierra in Spanish language, Spanish (officially ''Agurain/Salvatierra''), it is a town and Municipalities of Spain, municipality located in the province of Álava in the Basque Country (autonomous commu ...
), it has sometimes been argued the name may stem from that landmark. However, according to the
Royal Academy of the Basque Language Euskaltzaindia (; often translated Royal Academy of the Basque Language) is the official academic language regulatory institution which watches over the Basque language. It conducts research, seeks to protect the language, and establishes stand ...
, the origin may be another: The name is first found on
Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
chronicles of the eighth century referring to the Alavese Plains (Spanish ''Llanada Alavesa'', Basque ''Arabako Lautada''), ''laua'' in old Basque (currently ''lautada'') with the Arab article added ( al + laua), developing into Spanish Álava and Basque Araba (a typical development of l to r between vowels).


Physical and human geography

Álava is an inland territory and features a largely transitional climate between the humid, Atlantic neighbouring northern provinces and the dry and warmer lands south of the
Ebro , name_etymology = , image = Zaragoza shel.JPG , image_size = , image_caption = The Ebro River in Zaragoza , map = SpainEbroBasin.png , map_size = , map_caption = The Ebro ...
River. According to the relief and landscape characteristics, the territory is divided into five main zones: *The
Gorbea Gorbea () or Gorbeia () is a mountain and massif in the Basque Country, Spain. It is the highest summit in Biscay and Álava, with a height of above sea level. The massif covers a wide area between the two provinces. The main summit is a round ...
Foothills: Green hilly landscape. *The Valleys: Low valleys, drier, sparsely populated. *The Plains: Heartland of Álava comprising Vitoria and Salvatierra-Agurain, with a central urban area and crop landscape prevailing around and bounded south and north by the Basque Mountains. *The Alavese Mountains: High altitude and forested. *The Alavese Rioja: Oriented to the south on the left bank of the
Ebro , name_etymology = , image = Zaragoza shel.JPG , image_size = , image_caption = The Ebro River in Zaragoza , map = SpainEbroBasin.png , map_size = , map_caption = The Ebro ...
River, perfect for vineyards and part of the Rioja denominación de origen. *Ayala: The area clustering around the
Nervión , name_etymology = , image = Nervion.jpg , image_size = 300px , image_caption = River Nervion with Zubizuri footbridge. , map = , map_size = , map_caption = , pushpin_map ...
River, with
Amurrio Amurrio is a town and municipality located in the northwest part of the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It has over 10,000 inhabitants. It is between Vitoria-Gasteiz and Bilbao, respectively to 41 km and 31 km ...
and
Laudio Laudio/Llodio is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Laudio is the name in Basque language and Llodio in Spanish; both are used indistinctly. Geography and Demography Llodio is an ...
as its major towns. The region shows close bonds with
Bilbao ) , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = 275 px , map_caption = Interactive map outlining Bilbao , pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country#Spain#Europe , pushpin_map_caption ...
and
Biscay Biscay (; eu, Bizkaia ; es, Vizcaya ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao. B ...
e and an industrial landscape. Unlike Biscay and Gipuzkoa, but for Ayala and
Aramaio Aramaio ( es, Aramayona) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Elizate * Arexola, elizate * Azkoaga, elizate * Barajuen, elizate * Etxaguen, elizate * Gantzaga, elizate * Ib ...
, the waters of Álava pour into the
Ebro , name_etymology = , image = Zaragoza shel.JPG , image_size = , image_caption = The Ebro River in Zaragoza , map = SpainEbroBasin.png , map_size = , map_caption = The Ebro ...
and hence to the Mediterranean by means of two main waterways, i.e. the
Zadorra The Zadorra is a river tributary of the Ebro in the Basque Country at the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The river flows across province Álava all along (with the exception of Burgos' exclave La Puebla de Arganzon) till it pours into the Ebro n ...
(main axis of Álava) and Bayas Rivers. In addition, the Zadorra Reservoir System harvests a big quantity of waters that supply not only the capital city but other major Basque towns and cities too, like Bilbao. While in 1950 agriculture and farming shaped the landscape of the territory (42.4% of the working force vs 30.5% in industry and construction), the trend shifted gradually during the 60s and 70s on the grounds of a growing industrial activity in the Alavese Plains (''Llanada Alavesa''), with the main focus lying on the industrial estates of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Gamarra, Betoño and Ali Gobeo) and, to a lesser extent, Salvatierra-Agurain and Araia. At the turn of the century, only 2% of the working Alavese people was in agriculture, while 60% was in the tertiary sector and 32% in manufacturing. Industry associated with iron and metal developed earlier in the Atlantic area much in tune with Bilbao's economic dynamics, with droves of people flocking to and clustering in
Amurrio Amurrio is a town and municipality located in the northwest part of the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It has over 10,000 inhabitants. It is between Vitoria-Gasteiz and Bilbao, respectively to 41 km and 31 km ...
and
Laudio Laudio/Llodio is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Laudio is the name in Basque language and Llodio in Spanish; both are used indistinctly. Geography and Demography Llodio is an ...
, which have since become the third and second main towns of Álava.


Demography and rural landscape

The province numbers 51
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
, a population of 315,525 inhabitants in an area of , with an average of 104.50 inhabitants/km2. Text in Spanish The vast majority of the population clusters in the capital city of Álava,
Vitoria-Gasteiz es, vitoriano, vitoriana, , population_density_km2 = auto , blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) , blank_info_sec1 = Spanish, Basque , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
, which also serves as the capital of the Autonomous Community, but the remainder of the territory is sparsely inhabited with population nuclei distributed into seven counties (''kuadrillak'' or ''cuadrillas''):
Añana Añana or Salinas de Añana ( eu, Gesaltza Añana) is both a valley and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain, with the main population nucleus being the village of Salinas de Añana. Moreover, Añ ...
;
Ayala/Aiara Aiara in Basque or Ayala in Spanish is a municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , ...
; Campezo/Kanpezu;
Laguardia LaGuardia Airport is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City. Covering , the facility was established in 1929 and began operating as a public airport in 1939. It is named after former New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia. ...
;
Agurain/Salvatierra Agurain in Basque and Salvatierra in Spanish (officially ''Agurain/Salvatierra''), it is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava in the Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain. The municipality, numbering 4,986 inhabitants ( ...
;
Vitoria-Gasteiz es, vitoriano, vitoriana, , population_density_km2 = auto , blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) , blank_info_sec1 = Spanish, Basque , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
;
Zuia Zuia ( es, Zuya) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. History The first mention of the Zuia Valley is in the document from the year 1025 (though some authors argue that it is poste ...
.


Population development

The historical population is given in the following chart: Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) ImageSize = width:600 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:350 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal AlignBars = late ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:50 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= color:skyblue width:20 shift:(-50,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till bar:1877 from:0 till: 96 text: 95,692 bar:1887 from:0 till: 94 text: 94,165 bar:1900 from:0 till: 98 text: 98,066 bar:1910 from:0 till: 99 text: 99,399 bar:1920 from:0 till:101 text:101,357 bar:1930 from:0 till:106 text:105,729 bar:1940 from:0 till:113 text:112,503 bar:1950 from:0 till:114 text:114,139 bar:1960 from:0 till:134 text:133,742 bar:1970 from:0 till:200 text:199,777 bar:1980 from:0 till:258 text:257,850 bar:1990 from:0 till:272 text:272,447 bar:2000 from:0 till:287 text:286,387 bar:2010 from:0 till:321 text:320,778 bar:2020 from:0 till:333 text:333,340 TextData= pos:(35,20) fontsize:M text:"Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE"


History


Lordship of Álava

List of rulers (modern Spanish names) : * Eylo, up to 866 *
Rodrigo Rodrigo is a Spanish, Portuguese and Italian name derived from the Germanic name ''Roderick'' (Gothic ''*Hroþareiks'', via Latinized ''Rodericus'' or ''Rudericus''), given specifically in reference to either King Roderic (d. 712), the last Vis ...
c. 867–870,
count of Castile This is a list of counts of Castile. The County of Castile had its origin in a fortified march on the eastern frontier of the Kingdom of Asturias. The earliest counts were not hereditary, being appointed as representatives of the Asturian king. Fr ...
* Vela Jiménez 870–c. 887 *
Munio Velaz Munio or Muño is a masculine given name of uncertain origin, possibly GermanicJaime de Salazar Acha (1985), "Una familia de la Alta Edad Media: Los Vela y su realedad histórica", ''Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos'' (Madrid: Asociación Espa ...
c. 887–c. 921 *
Álvaro Herraméliz Álvaro Herraméliz (fl. 923–931), was a Spanish noble and the count of Lantarón and of Álava in the region that today would be considered the Basque Country in northern Spain. Biography Count Álvaro was the son of Herramel, a noble wh ...
c. 921–931, also count of Cerezo and Lantarón *
Fernán González Fernan or Fernán is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: * Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres, Spanish nobleman * Fernán Caballero (1796–1877), Spanish novelist * Fernando Fernán Gómez (1921–2007), Spanish actor ...
931–970, also count of Castile, Álava feudatary of Castile until 1030 * García Fernández 970–995 * Munio González 1030–1043 * Fortunio Íñiguez 1043–1046 * Munio Muñoz (co-lord) 1046–1060, Álava feudatary of Navarre, 1046–1085 * Sancho Maceratiz (co-lord) 1046–1060 *Ramiro 1060–1075 *Marcelo 1075–1085 *
Lope Íñiguez Lope Íñiguez (''c''. 1050 – 1093) succeeded his father Íñigo López to become the second Lord of Biscay in 1076. Íñigo died shortly after the assassination of his overlord Sancho IV of Navarre and the subsequent takeover of Biscay, Ál ...
1085–?, Álava feudatary of Castile until 1123 * Lope Díaz ''the White'' ?–1093 * Lope González 1093–1099 *
Lope Sánchez Lope is an old given name of Basque, Gascon and Spanish origin, derived from Latin ''lupus'', meaning "wolf". Lope may refer to: *Lope de Isásaga (1493–1515), Basque Spanish ''conquistador'' *Lope de Aguirre (1510s – 1561), Basque Spanish ''c ...
1099–1114 * Diego López I 1114–1123 *
Ladrón Íñiguez Ladrón Íñiguez (died 1155), also known as Ladrón Navarro, was a leading nobleman of the Kingdom of Navarre during the reign of García Ramírez (1134–50), whose accession he was instrumental in bringing about. He is regularly titled cou ...
1123–1158, Álava feudatary of Navarre until 1199 *
Vela Ladrón Vela Ladrón or Latrónez (died 1174) was a Spanish nobleman who ruled the Basque counties of Álava, Biscay (Vizcaya) and Guipúzcoa. He succeeded his father as count of Álava in 1155 or 1156. He acquired Biscay around 1160 and Guipúzcoa aroun ...
1158–1175 * Juan Velaz 1175–1181 *Diego López II 1181–1187 *
Íñigo de Oriz Inigo derives from the Castilian rendering (Íñigo) of the medieval Basque name Eneko. Ultimately, the name means "my little (love)". While mostly seen among the Iberian diaspora, it also gained a limited popularity in the United Kingdom. Ear ...
1187–1199 * Diego López de Haro I 1199–1214, Álava feudatary of Castile until personal union of 1332 * Lope Diaz de Haro I 1214–1240 *Nuño González de Lara 1240–1252 * Diego López de Haro II 1252–1274 *Fernando de la Cerda 1274–1280 *
Lope Díaz II de Haro Lope Díaz II de Haro "''Cabeza Brava''" (b. 1170 – d. 15 November 1236) was a Spanish noble of the House of Haro, the sixth Lord of Biscay, and founder of the municipality of Plentzia. He was the eldest son of Diego López II de Haro and his ...
1280–1288 *
Juan Alonso de Haro ''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of ''John''. It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking communities around the world and in the Philippines, and also (pronounced differently) in the Isle of Man. In Spanish, t ...
1288–1310 * Diego López de Salcedo 1310–1332 The title is attributed to the Castilian kings after 1332.


Ecclesiastical history


Bishopric

The Arab invasion of the
Ebro , name_etymology = , image = Zaragoza shel.JPG , image_size = , image_caption = The Ebro River in Zaragoza , map = SpainEbroBasin.png , map_size = , map_caption = The Ebro ...
valley in the eighth century, many Christians of the
Diocese of Calahorra In Ecclesiastical polity, church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided Roman province, pro ...
sought refuge in areas further north free of Arab rule. The diocese called Álava or Armentaria was established in 870 on territory split off from the
Diocese of Calahorra In Ecclesiastical polity, church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided Roman province, pro ...
. From then until the 11th century the names of several bishops of this see are recorded, the best known being the last, Fortún, who in 1072 went to Rome to argue before Pope Alexander II in defence of the Mozarabic Rite, which King
Alfonso VI of León and Castile Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian peninsul ...
had decreed should be replaced by the
Roman Rite The Roman Rite ( la, Ritus Romanus) is the primary liturgical rite of the Latin Church, the largest of the ''sui iuris'' particular churches that comprise the Catholic Church. It developed in the Latin language in the city of Rome and, while dist ...
. The see was suppressed in 1088, when it was merged into the Diocese of Najéra, another
suffragan A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations. In the Anglican Communion, a suffragan bishop is a bishop who is subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop (bishop ordinary) and so is not normally jurisdictiona ...
of the Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Tarragona The Archdiocese of Tarragona (Latin, ''Tarraconensis'') is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Tarragona, part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The archdiocese heads the ecclesi ...
. The territory of the diocese of Álava, which corresponded more or less to that of the present diocese of
Vitoria Vitoria or Vitória may refer to : People * Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483–1546), a Spanish Renaissance theologian * Alberto Vitoria (1956–2010), Spanish footballer * Rui Vitória (born 1970), Portuguese retired footballer * Steven Vitória (b ...
, was reabsorbed into that of Calahorra when Najéra was suppressed in 1170, when King Alfonso VIII of Castile conquered
La Rioja La Rioja () is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, an ...
.España Sagrada
tomo XXXIII, Madrid 1781, pp. 223–271
;''Suffragan Bishops of Álava'' (all
Roman Rite The Roman Rite ( la, Ritus Romanus) is the primary liturgical rite of the Latin Church, the largest of the ''sui iuris'' particular churches that comprise the Catholic Church. It developed in the Latin language in the city of Rome and, while dist ...
) (For a list, see Antonio Rivera, ed., ''Historia de Álava'' (2003), pp. 599–600.) * Bivere or Aivere (before 871 – after 876) * Álvaro (c. 881 – c. 888) * Munio I (937/956 – 971) * ? Julián (?–984) * Munio II (984–989) * García I (996 – c. 1021) * Munio III (c. 1024 – c. 1030) * García II (1037 – 1053/1055) * Fortún ortuñoI (1054/1055) * Vela (1056–1062) * Munio IV (1062 – c. 1065) * Fortún II (c. 1067 – 1088)


Titular see

No longer a residential bishopric, Álava is today listed by the
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
as a
titular see A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbish ...
since the diocese was nominally restored in 1969 as
Titular bishopric A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbish ...
of Álava. It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank: * Stanisław Smolenski (1970/01/14 – death 2006/08/08) as Auxiliary Bishop of
Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
(Poland) (1970.01.14 – 1992.02.01) and on emeritate * Mario Iceta Gavicagogeascoa (2008.02.05 – 2010.08.24) as Auxiliary Bishop of
Bilbao ) , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = 275 px , map_caption = Interactive map outlining Bilbao , pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country#Spain#Europe , pushpin_map_caption ...
(Basque Spain) (2008.02.05 – 2010.08.24); later succeeded Bishop of Bilbao (2010.08.24 – ...) * Nelson Francelino Ferreira (2010.11.24 – 2014.02.12) as Auxiliary Bishop of
São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
(Brazil) (2010.11.24 – 2014.02.12); later Bishop of Valença (Brazil) (2014.02.12 – ...) * Carlos Lema Garcia (2014.04.30 – ...), as Auxiliary Bishop of
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
(Brazil)


Spanish Civil War

At the start of the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...
Álava and Vitoria were easily captured by the rebel
Nationalists Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: The ...
led by General Angel García Benítez, assisted by Colonel Camilo Alonso Vega. Vitoria was captured on 19 July 1936. In November 1936 an attempt by Republicans to retake Vitoria was thwarted after being spotted by Nationalist reconnaissance aircraft. The 1937 Nationalist campaign in Vizcaya was supported by 80 German aircraft based at Vitoria, where the
Condor Legion The Condor Legion (german: Legion Condor) was a unit composed of military personnel from the air force and army of Nazi Germany, which served with the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War of July 1936 to March 1939. The Condor Legio ...
fighter wing was concentrated.Beevor (2006) p.253


See also

* List of municipalities in Álava


Footnotes


Sources and external lists


GGatholic ecclesiastical history
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alava Wine regions of Spain