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"Steamboat ladies" was a nickname given to a number of female students at the
women's college Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male st ...
s of the
universities A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which ...
of
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the Un ...
and
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge beca ...
who were awarded ''ad eundem''
University of Dublin The University of Dublin ( ga, Ollscoil Átha Cliath), corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the degree-awarding body for Trinity College Dubl ...
degrees at
Trinity College Dublin , name_Latin = Collegium Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Elizabethae juxta Dublin , motto = ''Perpetuis futuris temporibus duraturam'' (Latin) , motto_lang = la , motto_English = It will last i ...
, between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women. The name comes from the means of transport commonly used by these women to travel to
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 ...
for this purpose. Trinity admitted female students in 1904. Unlike Oxford and Cambridge, where women had for some years been admitted to separate female colleges within the overall university, both men and women were admitted to the University of Dublin's only college (Trinity) and it was felt there would be no rationale to restrict successful female students from graduating to become members of the university like their male counterparts. In accordance with the long-standing formula of ''ad eundem'' mutual recognition that existed between Dublin, Oxford and Cambridge, Anthony Traill, the then-Provost of Trinity College, proposed that eligible female Oxbridge course completers be granted Trinity degrees, as was the case for men. The policy lasted from June 1904 to December 1907, when requirements for ''ad eundem'' awards were revised. The Board of Trinity College thought that only small numbers of women would take up the offer to graduate and that they would be Irish women who had studied in Oxford or Cambridge colleges. In fact, by 1907 Trinity had granted degrees to some 720 "steamboat ladies". /sup> All had passed examinations at Oxbridge that would have earned them a degree if they were male. /sup> The women were predominantly students of Girton and Newnham Colleges, Cambridge and
Somerville College, Oxford Somerville College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, was founded in 1879 as Somerville Hall, one of its first two women's colleges. Among its alumnae have been Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, Dorothy Hodgkin, Ir ...
. /sup> Money derived from the degree conferral fees that female graduates paid during this period was largely ring-fenced and was used to fund the purchase of Trinity Hall, an extramural hall of residence for female students, which opened in 1908.


Notable steamboat ladies

* Julia Bell (1879–1979),
human geneticist Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population g ...
* Dorothy Brock DBE (1886–1969),
educationist Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Var ...
and headmistress * Sara Burstall (1859–1939), educationist and headmistress * Frances Dove DBE, JP (1847–1942), teacher and headmistress * Gertrude Elles MBE (1872–1960),
geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, earth science, or geophysics, alt ...
* Lilian Faithfull CBE, JP (1865–1952), teacher and headmistress *
Philippa Fawcett Philippa Garrett Fawcett (4 April 1868 – 10 June 1948) was an English mathematician and educationalist. She was the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. She taught at Newnham College, Cambridge, and at ...
(1868–1948), mathematician and educationalist * Florence Gadesen (1853–1934), teacher and headmistress * Ethel Gavin (1866–1918), educationist and headmistress * Frances Ralph Gray (1861–1935), teacher and headmistress * Hilda Phoebe Hudson (1881–1965) mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry, in particular on Cremona transformations. *
Ruth Herbert Lewis Ruth Herbert Lewis (29 November 1871 – 26 August 1946, née Caine) was an English temperance movement activist of Manx descent and collector of Welsh folk songs. She published collections of Welsh folk songs, and was a key member of the Wels ...
(1871-1946), social reformer and folk-song collector * Katharine Jex-Blake (1860–1951),
classicist Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, classics traditionally refers to the study of Classical Greek and Roman literature and their related original languages, Ancient Greek and Latin. Classics ...
and teacher * Lilian Knowles (1870–1926),
historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...
and professor of
economic history Economic history is the academic learning of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and i ...
* Penelope Lawrence (1856–1932), educator * Ellen McArthur (1862–1927), economic historian *
Edith Major Edith Helen Major, CBE (15 February 1867 – 17 March 1951) was an Irish educationalist. Major was born in Lisburn and educated at Methodist College Belfast and Girton College, Cambridge. She was Assistant Mistress at Blackheath High School fr ...
(1867–1951), educationist and headmistress * Emily Penrose DBE (1858–1942), classicist and educationalist * Bertha Phillpotts DBE (1877–1932), linguist, historian and educationalist *
Eleanor Rathbone Eleanor Florence Rathbone (12 May 1872 – 2 January 1946) was an independent British Member of Parliament (MP) and long-term campaigner for family allowance and for women's rights. She was a member of the noted Rathbone family of Liverpool. ...
(1872–1946),
suffragist Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to v ...
,
social reformer A reform movement or reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary m ...
and
member of parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with Bicameralism, bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house ...
* Shena Simon (1883–1972), politician, feminist, educationalist and writer * Eugénie Sellers Strong CBE (1860–1943), archaeologist and art historian *
Margaret Tuke Dame Margaret Janson Tuke (13 March 1862, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England21 February 1947, Hitchin) was a British academic and educator. She was the youngest child of the philanthropist James Hack Tuke. She was created a Dame Commander of the ...
(1862–1947), academic and educator * Katharine Wallas CBE (1864–1944), politician and educationalist *
Mary Hay Wood Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also cal ...
(1868–1934), educationist


References


Sources

* . * . * *Susan M. Parkes, « Trinity College, Dublin and the “Steamboat Ladies”, 1904–1907 », in Mary R. Masson & Deborah Simonton, ''Women and higher education: past, present and future'', Aberdeen University Press, 1996, 352 p. (ISBN 1857522605), p. 244–250. * {{Authority control 1904 in England 1904 in Ireland 1905 in England 1905 in Ireland 1906 in England 1906 in Ireland History of education in England History of the University of Oxford History of the University of Cambridge Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford Lists of people associated with the University of Cambridge Oxbridge Terminology of the University of Cambridge Trinity College Dublin-related lists University of Dublin History of education in Ireland People associated with Somerville College, Oxford