silicate

In

chemistry

, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of

silicon

and

oxygen

, usually with the general formula , where . The family includes orthosilicate (), metasilicate (), and pyrosilicate (, ). The name is also used for any salt of such anions, such as sodium metasilicate; or any

ester

containing the corresponding chemical group, such as

tetramethyl orthosilicate

.

Silicate anions are often large

polymer

ic molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate ), double chains (as in , and sheets (as in .

In

geology

and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (

silica

,

quartz

), which would correspond to in the general formula. The term also includes minerals where

aluminium

or other tetravalent atoms replace some of the silicon atoms, as in the aluminosilicates. Such silicates comprise most of Earth's crust and mantle, as well as the other terrestrial planets, rocky

moons

, and

asteroids

.

For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as

granite

,

gravel

, and

garnet

) and artificial (such as

Portland cement

,

ceramic

s,

glass

, and waterglass).

The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as hexafluorosilicate .

Structural principles

Modeling as corner-sharing tetrahedra

In most commonly encountered silicates, including almost all silicate minerals, each silicon atom occupies the center of an idealized

tetrahedron

whose corners are four oxygen atoms, connected to it by single covalent bonds according to the octet rule. This structure-bonding scenario does not describe the nature of silicate minerals under high pressures, which is the situation for most terrestrial silicate minerals.

These tetrahedra may occur as isolated orthosilicate anions , but two or more silicon atoms can be joined with oxygen atoms in various ways, to form more complex anions, such as pyrosilicate or the metasilicate ring hexamer .

Polymer

ic silicate anions of arbitrarily large sizes can have chain, double chain, sheet, or three-dimensional structures.

Typically, each oxygen atom that does not contribute a negative charge to the anion is a bridge between two silicon atoms. The structure of such anions is commonly described and depicted as consisting of silicon-centered tetrahedra connected by their vertices, in such a way that each vertex is shared by at most two tetrahedra.

Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon

Although the tetrahedron is the common coordination geometry for silicon compounds, silicon may also occur with higher coordination numbers. For example, in the anion hexafluorosilicate , the silicon atom is surrounded by six

fluorine

atoms in an

octahedral

arrangement. This structure is also seen in the hexahydroxysilicate anion that occurs in thaumasite, a mineral found rarely in nature but sometimes observed among other calcium silicate hydrates artificially formed in cement and

concrete

submitted to a severe sulfate attack.

At very high pressure, even SiO₂ adopts the six-coordinated octahedral geometry in the mineral

stishovite

, a dense polymorph of

silica

found in the lower mantle of the Earth and also formed by shock during meteorite impacts.

Chemical properties

Solid silicates are generally stable and well characterized.

Silicates with

alkali

cations and small or chain-like anions, such as

sodium ortho-

and metasilicate, are fairly soluble in water. They form several solid hydrates when crystallized from solution. Soluble

sodium silicate

s and mixtures thereof, known as waterglass are in fact important industrial and household chemicals. Silicates of non-alkali cations, or with sheet and tridimensional polymeric anions, generally have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.

Reactions

Silicate anions are formally the conjugate bases of

silicic acid

s, i.e. compounds with the Si-O-H functional group. For example, orthosilicate can be viewed as the fourfold

deprotonated

orthosilicic acid . Silicic acids are generally weak acids. They can be isolated. They exist in aqueous solution as mixtures of condensed and partially protonated anions, in a dynamic equilibrium. The general processes in this equilibrium are

hydrolysis

/condensation
: ≡Si–O–Si≡ + ≡Si–OH + HO–Si≡
and protonation/deprotonation
: ≡Si–OH ≡Si– + .
The equilibrium can shifted towards larger anions by increasing the silicate concentration and/or the acidity of the medium. The orthosilicate anion, for example, is assumed to be the predominant form of

silica

naturally dissolved in

seawater

, whose concentration is below 100 parts per million; and also when silica is dissolved in an excess of sodium oxide at pH 12 or more.G. B. Alexander (1953): "The Reaction of Low Molecular Weight Silicic Acids with Molybdic Acid". ''Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 75, issue 22, pages 5655–5657. In higher concentrations or low

pH

, polymeric anions predominate.

In the limit, the silicate anions convert to silicic acids, which condense into a tridimensional network consisting of SiO₄ tetrahedra interconnected by Si-O-Si linkages. A related condensation process is seen in sol-gel processing of tetraethylsilicate.

Detection

Silicate anions in solution react with

molybdate

anions yielding yellow silicomolybdate complexes. In a typical preparation,

monomer

ic orthosilicate was found to react completely in 75 seconds; dimeric pyrosilicate in 10 minutes; and higher oligomers in considerably longer time. In particular, the reaction is not observed with suspensions of colloidal silica.

Zeolite formation

The nature of soluble silicates is relevant to understanding biomineralization and the synthesis of aluminosilicates, such as the industrially important

catalyst

s called

zeolite

s.

See also

* Alkali-silica reaction
*

Carbon cycle

* Carbonate-silicate cycle
* Ocean acidification

References

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