shekel

Shekel or sheqel ( akk, 𒅆𒅗𒇻 ''šiqlu'' or ''siqlu,'' he, שקל, plural or shekels, Phoenician: ) is an ancient Near Eastern coin, usually of

silver

. A shekel was first a unit of weight—very roughly —and became currency in ancient Tyre and

ancient Carthage

and then in ancient Israel under the Maccabees.

Name

The word is based on the

Semitic

verbal root for "weighing" (''Š-Q-L''), cognate to the Akkadian or , a unit of weight equivalent to the

Sumerian

. Use of the word was first attested in during the Akkadian Empire under the reign of Naram-Sin, and later in in the

Code of Hammurabi

. The ''Š-Q-L'' root is found in the Hebrew words for "to weigh" (), "weight" () and "consideration" (). It is cognate to the Aramaic root ''T-Q-L'' and the

Arabic

''root Θ-Q-L'' ''ثقل'', in words such as (the weight), (heavy) or (unit of weight). The famous

writing on the wall

in the Biblical Book of Daniel includes a cryptic use of the word in Aramaic: "". The word ''shekel'' came into the English language via the

Hebrew Bible

, where it is first used in the

Book of Genesis

.

The term "shekel" has been used for a unit of weight, around 9.6 or 9.8 grams, used in Bronze Age Europe for balance weights and fragments of bronze that may have served as money.

History

The earliest shekels were a unit of weight, used as other units such as grams and troy ounces for trading before the advent of coins. The shekel was common among western Semitic peoplesites,

Edom

ites, and Phoenicians used the shekel, although proper coinage developed very late. Carthaginian coinage was based on the shekel and may have preceded its home town of Tyre in issuing proper coins.

Coins were used and may have been invented by the early Anatolian traders who stamped their marks to avoid weighing each time used. Herodotus states that the first coinage was issued by

Croesus

, King of

Lydia

, spreading to the golden Daric (worth 20 or shekel), issued by the Persian Empire and the silver Athenian obol and drachma. Early coins were money stamped with an official seal to certify their weight. Silver ingots, some with markings were issued. Later authorities decided who designed coins.

As with many ancient units, the shekel had a variety of values depending on the era, government and region; weights between 7 and 17  grams and values of 11, 14, and 17 grams are common. A two-shekel weight recently recovered near the temple area in Jerusalem and dated to the period of the First Temple weighs 23 grams, giving a weight of 11.5 grams per shekel in Israel during the monarchy. When used to pay labourers, recorded wages in the ancient world range widely. The Code of Hammurabi (circa 1800 BC) sets the value of unskilled labour at approximately ten shekels per year of work, confirmed in Israelite law by comparing with . Later, records within the Persian Empire (539–333 BC) give ranges from a minimum of two shekels per month for unskilled labour, to as high as seven to ten shekels per month in some records. A survival wage for an urban household during the Persian period would require at least 22 shekels of income per year.

Israelites

notes that the measures of the ingredients for the holy anointing oil were to be calculated using the Shekel of the Sanctuary (see also , and similarly at for payment for the redemption of 273 first-born males and at for the offerings of the leaders of the tribes of Israel), suggesting that there were other common measures of a shekel in use, or at least that the Temple authorities defined a standard for the shekel to be used for Temple purposes.

According to Jewish law, whenever a census of the Jewish people was to be conducted, every person that was counted was required to pay the ''half-Shekel'' for his atonement ().

The Aramaic , similar to the Hebrew , used in

the writing on the wall

during the feast of Belshazzar according to the Book of Daniel and defined as weighed, shares a common root with the word shekel and may even additionally attest to its original usage as a weight.

Second Temple period half-Shekel Temple tax

During the

Second Temple

period, it was customary among Jews to annually offer the ''half-Shekel'' into the Temple treasury, for the upkeep and maintenance of the Temple precincts, as also used in purchasing public animal offerings. This practice not only applied to Jews living in the

Land of Israel

, but also to Jews living outside the Land of Israel. Archaeological excavations conducted at Horvat 'Ethry in Israel from 1999 to 2001 by Boaz Zissu and Amir Ganor of the Israeli Antiquities Authority (IAA) have yielded important finds, the most-prized of which being a ''half-Shekel'' coin minted in the 2nd century CE, upon which are embossed the words "Half-Shekel" in paleo-Hebrew (). The same coin possesses a silver content of 6.87 grams. According to the Jewish historian

Josephus

, the annual monetary tribute of the half-Shekel to the Temple at

Jerusalem

was equivalent to two Athenian drachmæ, each Athenian or

Attic

drachma weighing a little over 4.3 grams.

First and Second Jewish Revolt

The Jerusalem shekel was issued from AD 66 to 70 amid the First Jewish Revolt as a means of emphasizing the independence of

Judaea

from

Roman rule

.

The Bar Kochba shekel was issued from AD 132 to 135 amid the Bar Kokhba Revolt for similar reasons.

Carthage

The Carthaginian or Punic shekel was typically around 7.2 grams in

silver

and 7.5 grams in

gold

(suggesting an exchange rate of 12:1). They were apparently first developed on Sicily during the mid-4th century BC.. They were particularly associated with the payment of Carthage's mercenary armies and were repeatedly debased over the course of each of the Punic Wars, although the Carthaginian Empire's expansion into Spain under the Barcids before the

Second

and recovery under

Hannibal

before the Third permitted improving the amount and quality of the currency. Throughout, it was more common for Carthage's holdings in

North Africa

to employ

bronze

or no coinage except when paying mercenary armies and for most of the

specie

to circulate in Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily.

Tyre

The Tyrian shekel began to be issued . Owing to the relative purity of their silver, they were the preferred medium of payment for the Temple tax in

Jerusalem

despite their royal and pagan imagery. The money changers assaulted by

Jesus

in the

New Testament

are those who exchanged worshippers' baser common currency for such shekels and they have been suggested as a possible coin used as the " 30 pieces of silver" in the

New Testament

..

Present

Israel

The

Israel

i shekel (properly ) replaced the Israeli lira or pound in 1980. Its

currency sign

was , although it was more commonly denominated as ש or IS. It was subdivided into 100 new agoras or agorot. It suffered from

hyperinflation

and was quickly replaced.

The new shekel replaced it in 1985. Its

currency sign

is although it is often denominated as ש״ח or NIS. It is subdivided into 100 agoras or agorot. Both Israeli shekels are purely units of currency and not weight. With the 2014 series of notes, the Bank of Israel abandoned the transcriptions and in favor of the standard English forms ''Shekel'' and ''Shekels''.

See also

* Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement
* Gerah (ma'ah)
* Hanukkah gelt
*

History of currency

* Israeli lira
* List of historical currencies
* Pidyon Haben ceremony
* Prutah
* Tetradrachm
* Zuz

References

Citations

Bibliography

*
*
*

External links

*

{{Means of Exchange

Ancient currencies
Currencies of Israel
Units of mass
Phoenician currency