Purple corn ( es, maíz morado) or purple maize is group of flint maize varieties ( Zea mays indurata) originating in

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

, descended from a common ancestral variety termed "k'culli" in

Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...

. It is most commonly grown in the

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

and

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...

Uses

Common in

, purple corn is used in

chicha morada Chicha morada is a beverage originated in the Andean regions of Perú but is currently consumed at a national level. The base ingredient of the drink is corn ''culli'' or ''ckolli'', which is a Peruvian variety of corn known commonly as purple ...

, a drink made by boiling ground purple corn kernels with pineapple, cinnamon, clove, and sugar, and in

mazamorra Mazamorra (from Spanish Arabic ''pičmáṭ'' from Greek ''paxamádion'', and from the Greek mâza) is the name for numerous traditional dishes from Iberian Peninsula and Latin America. Regional variations Argentina In Argentina, mazamorra i ...

, a type of pudding". In Bolivia, purple corn "Kuli" is used in Api, a

smoothie A smoothie is a beverage made by puréeing ingredients in a blender. A smoothie commonly has a liquid base, such as fruit juice or milk, yogurt, ice cream or cottage cheese. Other ingredients may be added, including fruits, vegetables, non-dai ...

served hot.

Color chemistry: anthocyanins

The

pigment A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compo ...

giving purple corn its vivid color derives from an exceptional content of a class of

polyphenols Polyphenols () are a large family of naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by multiples of phenol units. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of ...

called

anthocyanins Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart gave the name Anthokyan to a chemical com ...

. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, also called

chrysanthemin Chrysanthemin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-glucoside of cyanidin. Natural occurrences Chrysanthemin can be found in the roselle plant (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Malvaceae), different Japanese angiosperms, '' Rhaponticum'' (Asteraceae), The fr ...

, is the major anthocyanin in purple corn kernels, comprising about 73% of all anthocyanins present. Other anthocyanins identified are

pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside Callistephin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-''O''- glucoside of pelargonidin. It is found in pomegranate juice, in strawberries and in purple corn. It is also found in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir grapes ''(Vitis vin ...

peonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside Peonidin-3-''O''-glucoside is anthocyanin. It is found in fruits and berries, in red ''Vitis vinifera'' grapes and red wine, in red onions and in purple corn.Anthocyanins isolated from purple corn (''Zea mays'' L.). Hiromitsu Aoki, Noriko Kuze ...

cyanidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside) Cyanidin is a natural organic compound. It is a particular type of anthocyanidin (glycoside version called anthocyanins). It is a pigment found in many red berries including grapes, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, chokeberry, cranb ...

pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside) Pelargonidin is an anthocyanidin, a type of plant pigment producing a characteristic orange color used in food and industrial dyes. Natural occurrences Presence in flowers Pelargonidin can be found in red geraniums (Geraniaceae). It is the p ...

and

peonidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside) Peonidin is an O-methylated anthocyanidin derived from Cyanidin, and a primary plant pigment. Peonidin gives purplish-red hues to flowers such as the peony, from which it takes its name, and roses. It is also present in some blue flowers, such as ...

. Similar results for anthocyanin content were found from a variety of purple corn grown in China. Evaluating growing conditions for anthocyanin and total polyphenol content, one research group found that field location was an important determinant, whereas seedling density and soil

potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin ''kalium'') and atomic number19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmosphe ...

content were not. For ease of extractions, scientists have explored components of the purple corn plant for yield, such as kernels, cob and husk, possibly allowing use of a plentiful, non-edible residual

biomass Biomass is plant-based material used as a fuel for heat or electricity production. It can be in the form of wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households. Some people use the terms bi ...

in cobs or husks. Husks of the purple corn plant contain about ten times higher content of anthocyanins than do kernels.

References

{{Corn Maize varieties Crops originating from western South America