Fricatives are
consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of d ...
s
by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
articulators close together.
These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the
soft palate
The soft palate (also known as the velum, palatal velum, or muscular palate) is, in mammal
Mammals (from Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was origin ...
, in the case of
German
German(s) may refer to:
Common uses
* of or related to Germany
* Germans, Germanic ethnic group, citizens of Germany or people of German ancestry
* For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
* German language
The German la ...

(the final consonant of ''
Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style
Style is a manner of doing or presenting things and may refer to:
* Architectural style, the features that ...

''); or the side of the tongue against the
molars, in the case of
Welsh
Welsh may refer to:
Related to Wales
* Welsh, referring or related to Wales
* Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, indigenous to the British Isles, spoken in Wales
** Patagonian Welsh, a dialect of Wels ...
(appearing twice in the name ''
Llanelli
Llanelli (" St Elli's Parish
A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, ...
''). This turbulent airflow is called frication.
A particular subset of fricatives are the
sibilant
In phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of s, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians—linguists who specialize in phonetics—study the physical properties of speech. Th ...
s. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth.
English , , , and are examples of sibilants.
The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "Spirant" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists. "Strident" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also
and
uvular
Uvulars are consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounc ...
fricatives in the class.
Types
The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences
friction
Friction is the force
In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion (physics), motion of an Physical object, object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a Newton's first law, st ...

.
Sibilants
*
, as in English ''s''ip
*
, as in English ''z''ip
**
voiceless dental sibilant
A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tongue tip, tip or tongue blade, blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sou ...
**
voiced dental sibilant
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of ...
**
voiceless apical sibilant
**
voiced apical sibilant
** voiceless predorsal sibilant (
laminal, with tongue tip at lower teeth)
** voiced predorsal sibilant (laminal)
**
voiceless postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
**
voiced postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
*
voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with ...
(
domed, partially palatalized), as in English ''sh''ip
*
voiced palato-alveolar sibilantA voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the ...
(domed, partially palatalized), as the ''si'' in English vi''si''on
*
voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ...

(laminal, palatalized)
*
voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pro ...

(laminal, palatalized)
*
(
apical
Apical means "pertaining to an Apex (disambiguation), apex". It may refer to:
*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of loc ...
or
subapical)
*
voiced retroflex sibilant
The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds ...

(apical or subapical)
All
sibilants
In phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians—linguists who specialize in phonetics—study the physical pr ...
are
coronal
Coronal may refer to:
* a nuptial crown
* anything relating to a Corona (disambiguation), corona
* Coronal plane, an anatomical term of location
* The Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry, coronal direction on a tooth
* Co ...
, but may be
dental
Dental may refer to:
* Having to do with teeth
* Dentistry, a medical profession dealing with teeth
* Dental consonant, in linguistics
* Dental Records, an independent UK record label
* Dental_hygienist, Dental Hygienist, a person who cleans teeth ...

,
alveolar
Alveolus (pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Alveolus may refer to:
In anatomy and zoology in general
* Pulmonary alveolus
A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin ''alveolus'', "littl ...

,
postalveolar
Postalveolar or post-alveolar consonants are consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain ...

, or
palatal
The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammal
Mammals (from Latin language, Latin , 'breast') are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class (biology), class Mammalia (), and characterized by the presence of ma ...

(
retroflex
A retroflex, apico-domal, or cacuminal () consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral c ...
) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed,
laminal, or
apical
Apical means "pertaining to an Apex (disambiguation), apex". It may refer to:
*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of loc ...
, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are
subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
Central non-sibilant fricatives
*
voiceless bilabial fricative
In linguistics
Linguistics is the science, scientific study of language. It encompasses the analysis of every aspect of language, as well as the methods for studying and modeling them.
The traditional areas of linguistic analysis include ...

*
voiced bilabial fricative
The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in ...

*
voiceless labiodental fricative
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced w ...

, as in English ''f''ine
*
voiced labiodental fricative
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with ...

, as in English ''v''ine
*
voiceless linguolabial fricative
*
voiced linguolabial fricative
*
voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative
The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronou ...
, as in English ''th''ing
*
voiced dental non-sibilant fricative, as in English ''th''at
*
voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants manner of articulation, produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two Place of articulation, articulators close together. These may be ...

*
voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
* The symbol for the alveolar sibilant ...

*
voiceless trilled fricative
*
voiced trilled fricative
*
voiceless palatal fricative
The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with t ...

*
voiced palatal fricative
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in th ...

*
voiceless velar fricative
The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain ho ...

*
voiced velar fricative
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken
Spoken is the past participle form of "to speak".
Spoken may also refer to:
*Spoken (band), a Christian rock group from Arkansas
*''Spoken (album)'', an a ...

*
voiceless palatal-velar fricative (articulation disputed)
*
voiceless uvular fricative
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with th ...

*
voiceless pharyngeal fricative
The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced wi ...

The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,
*
voiceless epiglottal fricative
*
voiced epiglottal fricative
The voiced epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiced epiglottal fricative,John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences'', 2nd ed., p 695. is a type of consonant
In articulatory ph ...
with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.
*
voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a
cleft palate
A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip
Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans.
Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Hu ...

)
*
voiced velopharyngeal fricative
Lateral fricatives
*
voiceless dental lateral fricative
*
voiced dental lateral fricative
*
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
The voiceless
In linguistics
Linguistics is the science, scientific study of language. It encompasses the analysis of every aspect of language, as well as the methods for studying and modeling them.
The traditional areas of linguisti ...

*
voiced alveolar lateral fricative
The voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some Speech, spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental consonant, dental, alveolar consonant, alveolar, and Posta ...

*
voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative (
Mehri)
* or extIPA
voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
The voiceless retroflex lateral fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronoun ...
* or extIPA
Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
The voiced retroflex lateral fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians e ...
(in
Ao)
* or or extIPA
voiceless palatal lateral fricative
The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounc ...
(PUA
)
* or extIPA
voiced palatal lateral fricative (allophonic in
Jebero)
* or extIPA
voiceless velar lateral fricative
The voiceless velar lateral fricative is a rare speech
Speech is human vocal communication using language. Each language uses Phonetics, phonetic combinations of vowel and consonant sounds that form the sound of its words (that is, all Englis ...

(PUA
)
* or extIPA
voiced velar lateral fricative
The lateral fricative occurs as the ''ll'' of
Welsh
Welsh may refer to:
Related to Wales
* Welsh, referring or related to Wales
* Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, indigenous to the British Isles, spoken in Wales
** Patagonian Welsh, a dialect of Wels ...
, as in ''
Lloyd
Lloyd, Lloyd's, or Lloyds may refer to:
People
* Lloyd (name), a variation of the Welsh word ' or ', which means "grey" or "brown"
** List of people with given name Lloyd
** List of people with surname Lloyd
* Lloyd (singer) (born 1986), American ...
'', ''
Llewelyn'', and ''
Machynlleth
Machynlleth () is a market town, community (Wales), community and electoral ward in Powys, Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire ( cy, Sir Drefaldwyn). It is in the River Dyfi, Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 road, ...
'' (, a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See also ...
and
Zulu
Zulu may refer to:
Zulu people
* Zulu Kingdom or Zulu Empire, a former monarchy in what is now South Africa
* Zulu language, a Bantu language spoken in southern Africa
* Zulu people, an ethnic group of southern Africa
Arts, entertainment, and med ...
), and in Mongolian.
* or and
voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative
A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream mechanism, airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English language, Engli ...
(a
laterally lisped or ) (Modern South Arabian)
* or and
voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative
A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream mechanism, airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English language, Engli ...
(a laterally lisped or ) (Modern South Arabian)
IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants
*
voiced uvular fricative
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how ...

*
voiced pharyngeal fricative
The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonant
In articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory pho ...

No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from
approximants
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives
Fricatives are conso ...
at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the
uptack to the letters, . Likewise, the
downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, .
(The
bilabial approximant and
dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: . However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)
Pseudo-fricatives
*
, as in English ''hat''
*
In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied
phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of s, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians—lingu ...
states of the glottis, without any accompanying
, fricative or otherwise. However, in languages such as Arabic, they are true fricatives.
In addition, is usually called a "
", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see
voiceless palatal-velar fricative for a putative (and rather controversial) example.
Aspirated fricatives
Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as
tenuis ("plain") fricatives. Other
phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of s, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians—lingu ...
s are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically
aspirated fricatives are rare. contrasts with in
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans
Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , , ; see names of Korea
There are various names of Korea in use today, all derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name " ...
; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few
Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan, also known as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family
In , family (from la, familia) is a of people related either by (by recognized birth) or (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of families is to maint ...

, in some
Oto-Manguean languages
The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to Mexico, but the Manguean languages, Mang ...
, in the Siouan language
Ofo ( and ), and in the (central?)
Chumash languages ( and ). The record may be
Cone Tibetan, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: , , and .
Nasalized fricatives
Phonemically
nasalized fricatives are rare.
Umbundu
Umbundu, or South Mbundu (autonym umb, úmbúndú), one of many Bantu languages
The Bantu languages (English: , Proto-Bantu: *bantÊŠÌ€) are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
The total numb ...
has and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have . In
Coatzospan Mixtec, appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.
----
Occurrence
Until its extinction,
Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including ), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the
IPA
IPA commonly refers to:
* India pale ale, a style of beer
* International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script
Latin script, also ...
. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of
Australian Aboriginal languages
The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363 languages belonging to an estimated 28 language families
A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, including speech (spoken language), gestures (Si ...
, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to
plosive
In phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, meaning that it is a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise study of language. Linguistics encompasses the analysis of ev ...
s or
approximant
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives
Fricatives are cons ...
s, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu
Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language
A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, including speech (spoken language), gestures (Signed language, sign ...
and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas is ''entirely'' unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have in their consonant inventory.
Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin (; ) is a group of Sinitic (Chinese) languages natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China
China (), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC; ), is a country in . It is the world's , with a of more ...
,
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans
Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , , ; see names of Korea
There are various names of Korea in use today, all derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name " ...
, the
Dravidian
Dravidian, Dravidan, or Dravida may refer to:
Language and culture
*Dravidian languages, a family of languages spoken mainly in South India and northeastern Sri Lanka
*Proto-Dravidian language, a model of the common ancestor of the Dravidian langu ...
and
Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages (, , , ) are a language family
A language family is a group of language
A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture (spoken language), Signed language, sign ...
, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as and , which are familiar to many European speakers. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.
About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have ''unpaired voiced fricatives'', i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.
This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from
lenition
In linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language
A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, including speech (spoken language), gestures (Signed language, sign language) and writing. Most langua ...
of plosives or
fortition
Fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree of stricture. It is the opposite of the more common lenition
In linguistics
Linguistics is the science, scientific study of language. It encompasse ...
of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have but lack . (Relatedly, several languages have the
voiced affricate but lack , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – , , , and .
Acoustics
Fricatives appear in
waveforms
In electronics
The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons
The electron is a subatomic particle
In physical sciences, subatomic part ...

as random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gravity, the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude, may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.
See also
*
Apical consonant
An apical consonant is a phone
A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently th ...
*
Hush consonant
*
Laminal consonant
A laminal consonant is a phone
A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficient ...
*
List of phonetics topics
A
* Acoustic phonetics
Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians†...
Notes
References
External links
Fricatives in English
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fricative Consonant
Manner of articulation