Fiddle

A fiddle is a bowed

string

musical instrument, most often a

violin

. It is a colloquial term for the violin, used by players in all genres, including classical music. Although in many cases violins and fiddles are essentially synonymous, the style of the music played may determine specific construction differences between fiddles and classical violins. For example, fiddles may optionally be set up with a

bridge

with a flatter arch to reduce the range of bow-arm motion needed for techniques such as the double shuffle, a form of

bariolage

involving rapid alternation between pairs of adjacent strings. To produce a "brighter" tone, compared to the deeper tones of gut or synthetic core strings, fiddlers often use steel strings. The fiddle is part of many traditional (

folk

) styles, which are typically aural traditions—taught " by ear" rather than via written music.

Fiddling is the act of playing the fiddle, and fiddlers are musicians that play it. Among musical styles, fiddling tends to produce rhythms that focus on dancing, with associated quick note changes, whereas classical music tends to contain more

vibrato

and sustained notes. Fiddling is also open to improvisation and embellishment with ornamentation at the player's discretion, in contrast to orchestral performances, which adhere to the composer's notes to reproduce a work faithfully. It is less common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, many fiddlers (e.g., Alasdair Fraser, Brittany Haas, Alison Krauss) have classical training.

History

The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira (Greek: ''λύρα'', Latin: ''lira'', English: ''lyre''), a bowed string instrument of the

Byzantine Empire

and ancestor of most European bowed instruments."fiddle." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 March 2009.

The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the

Persian

geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira (lūrā) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires.

Lira spread widely westward to Europe; in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms ''fiddle'' and ''lira'' interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments.

West African fiddlers have accompanied singing and dancing with one-string gourd fiddles since the twelfth century, and many black musicians in America learned on similar homemade fiddles before switching over to the European violin. As early as the mid-1600s, black fiddlers ("exquisite performers on three-stringed fiddles") were playing for both black and white dancers at street celebrations in the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (New York City), and by 1690 slave fiddlers were routinely providing the music at plantation balls in Virginia.

Over the centuries, Europe continued to have two distinct types of fiddles: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, became known as the viola da braccio (''arm viol'') family and evolved into the violin; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, was the

viola da gamba

(''leg viol'') group. During the

Renaissance

the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder (and originally less aristocratic) ''viola da braccio'' family.

Etymology

The etymology of ''fiddle'' is uncertain: it probably derives from the Latin ''fidula'', which is the early word for ''violin'', or it may be natively Germanic.

The name appears to be related to Icelandic

Fiðla

and also Old English ''fiðele''. A native Germanic ancestor of ''fiddle'' might even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of ''violin''.

In medieval times, ''fiddle'' also referred to a predecessor of today's violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, but came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards.

Ensembles

In performance, a solo fiddler, or one or two with a group of other instrumentalists, is the norm, though twin fiddling is represented in some North American, Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish styles. Following the folk revivals of the second half of the 20th century, however, it has become common for less formal situations to find large groups of fiddlers playing together—see for example the Calgary Fiddlers, Swedish Spelmanslag folk-musician clubs, and the worldwide phenomenon of Irish sessions.

Orchestral violins, on the other hand, are commonly grouped in sections, or

"chairs"

. These contrasting traditions may be vestiges of historical performance settings: large concert halls where violins were played required more instruments, before electronic amplification, than did more intimate dance halls and houses that fiddlers played in.

The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music and fiddle music. Historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, did not always follow. In situations that required greater volume, a fiddler (as long as they kept the beat) could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. Various fiddle traditions have differing values.

Scottish fiddle with cello

In the very late 20th century, a few artists have successfully attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and "big fiddle," or cello. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hanson's Bonnie Lasses, Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas' Fire and Grace., and Tim Macdonald and Jeremy Ward's ''The Wilds''.

Balkan fiddle with ''kontra''

Hungarian, Slovenian, and Romanian fiddle players are often accompanied by a three-stringed variant of the

viola

—known as the ''

kontra

''—and by

double bass

, with

cimbalom

and

clarinet

being less standard yet still common additions to a band. In Hungary, a three-stringed viola variant with a flat bridge, called the ''

kontra

'' or ''háromhúros brácsa'' makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music. The flat bridge lets the musician play three-string chords. A three-stringed double bass variant is also used.

Styles

To a greater extent than classical violin playing, fiddle playing is characterized by a huge variety of ethnic or

folk music

traditions, each of which has its own distinctive sound.

Europe

Great Britain

* English folk music fiddling, including
** Northumbrian fiddle style, which features "seconding", an improvised harmony part played by a second fiddler.
**

Lakeland

or

Cumbria

n fiddling has a repertoire largely based upon hornpipes but also incorporates reels and jigs.
* Scottish fiddling, including:
**

Shetland

fiddling, which includes trowie tunes said to come from peerie folk. The style is characterized by "ringing strings" and syncopated rhythms.
**A North East (particularly

Aberdeenshire

and

Moray

) tradition strongly influenced by baroque violin technique with staccato and Scotch snap bowing techniques in addition to the use of double stops.
**A Scottish Borders tradition with a repertoire heavy in hornpipes and with heavy use of double stops.
**A

Highland

tradition, highly influenced by the ornamentation and mixolydian scale of the Great Highland Bagpipe, as well as smoother bowing than other Scottish fiddle styles and a swinging of the 6/8 jig rhythm.
**An

Orkney

tradition with simpler bowing and ornamentation but with tunes featuring accidentals.
* Welsh fiddling (Welsh ''Ffidil''; see Ar Log), a recently revived tradition.

Ireland

* Irish folk music fiddling including:
**Donegal fiddling from the northwest in

Ulster

, which features mazurkas and a Scottish-influenced repertoire including Strathspey and Highland Fling dances. Fiddlers tend to play fast and make heavy use of

staccato

bowing and may from time to time "play the bass," meaning a second fiddler may play a melody an octave below where a first fiddler is playing it.
**

Sligo

fiddling from northern

Connacht

, which like Donegal fiddling tends to be fast, but with a bouncier feel to the bowing.
**

Galway

fiddling southern

Connacht

, which is slower than Sligo or Donegal traditions, with a heavier emphasis on ornamentation. Additionally, tunes are occasionally played in Eb or Bb to match the tonality of flat pipes.
**Clare fiddling from northern

Munster

, which tends to be played near the slower Galway tempo yet with a greater emphasis on the melody itself rather than ornamentation.
**Sliabh Luachra fiddling from the southwest in

Munster

, characterized by a unique repertoire of

polka

s and slides, the use of double stops and drones, as well as playing the melody in two octaves as in Donegal.

Nordic countries

* Norwegian fiddling (including Hardanger fiddling; see also Bygdedans), including traditions from:
**

Røros

and Nord-Noreg styles, both using the standard fiddle.
**Finnskogen, using the standard fiddle, but featuring some flatted notes influenced by Finnish folk music.
**

Voss

and

Telemark

styles, both using the Hardanger fiddle.
**

Setesdal

, which uses both standard and Hardanger fiddles.
* Swedish fiddling (including Låtfiol playing; see also Spelmanslag and Gammaldans), including traditions from:
**Jämtland
**

Dalarna

* Finnish fiddling, including the regional styles of:
**Kaustinen
** Ostrobothnia, heavily influenced by Swedish fiddling.

Continental Europe

* Austrian fiddling
* French fiddling, including an old tradition from

Corrèze

and a revived one from Brittany
* Hungarian folk music traditions
* Italian fiddling
* Klezmer fiddling
* Polish fiddling
* Mainland Portuguese and

Azorean

fiddling
* Romanian fiddling

Americas

United States

American fiddling, a broad category including traditional and modern styles

=Traditional

=
*Blues fiddling
*Cajun music, Cajun and Zydeco fiddling
*Native Americans in the United States, Native American fiddling, including:
**Cherokee
**Muscogee, Creek
**Tohono O'odham Chicken scratch, waila music, a style heavily influenced by Mexican fiddling and featuring irregular counts and harmonies in thirds, fourths, and sixths.
*Old time fiddle, Old time fiddling, including:
**Fiddling from Appalachia, the most well-known style today, featuring heavy use of droning and double-stops as well as syncopated bowing patterns.
**Athabaskan fiddling of the Interior Alaska.
**Midwestern fiddling, highly influenced by Scandinavian music.
**Ozarks fiddling, faster and crisper bowing than Appalachia.
**Texas fiddling, with influences from Music of Mexico, Mexican fiddling and an emphasis on competitive playing.
**New England fiddling, with strong influences from Quebec, Québécois/French Canadian and British repertoires.
**Pacific Northwest, Northwest fiddling, with influences from both Ozark and Midwestern fiddle styles, though with a strong emphasis on competitive playing like Texas fiddling.

=Modern

=
*Bluegrass fiddle, Bluegrass fiddling
*Country music, Country fiddling
*Western swing style fiddling

Canada

Fiddling remains popular in Canada, and the various homegrown styles of Canadian fiddling are seen as an important part of the country's cultural identity, as celebrated during the opening ceremony of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.
*Cape Breton fiddling, with a distinct Scottish influence
*French Canadian fiddling including "crooked tunes," that is, tunes with irregular beat patterns.
*Métis fiddle, Métis fiddling, of central and western Canada featuring strong French Canadian influence, but with even more "crooked" tunes.
*Newfoundland fiddling
*Maritimes, Acadian or Downeast style of fiddling, which has many similarities to Cape Breton fiddling
*English Canadian fiddling or Anglo-Canadian fiddling

Mexico

Music of Mexico, Mexican fiddling includes
*Danza indígena
*Mariachi
*Son arribeño
*Son calentano
*Son huasteco
*Son planeco
*Violín-tambora
*Violín tuxtleco
*Violín mixteco

South America

* Forró, a type of music from Brazil, including the ''rabeca'' fiddle tradition
* Music of Peru, Peruvian violin

Other areas

*African fiddle
*Australian folk music traditions
*Huqin Chinese fiddles
*Morna (music), Morna fiddling from Cape Verde
*Indian fiddle
*Indian classical music

Related instruments

Variants

*Hardanger fiddle
*Stroh violin or phonofiddle, known in Romanian as ''Vioara cu goarnă''.

Near relations

*Cello
*Double bass
*Kontra
* '' Låtfiol''
*Rebec
*''Rabeca''
*Viola

Distant relations

*Apache fiddle
*Byzantine lyra, the medieval bowed instrument of the Byzantine Empire
*Lyra (Cretan), Cretan Lyra
*Crwth
*Gadulka
*Gudok
*Gusle
*Hurdy-gurdy also known as the wheel fiddle
*Kamancheh
*Lijerica
*Nyckelharpa
*Rebab

See also

* Fleadh Cheoil
* List of All-Ireland Champions
* List of fiddlers
* Jazz violin

References

Sources:
* ''The Fiddle Book'', by Marion Thede, (1970), Oak Publications. .
* ''The Fiddler's Fakebook'', by David Brody, (1983), Oak Publications. US ; UK .
* ''Oldtime Fiddling Across America'', by David Reiner and Peter Anick (1989), Mel Bay Publications. . Has transcriptions (standard notation) and analysis of tunes from multiple regional and ethnic styles.
* ''The Portland Collection'', by Susan Songer, (1997), (Vol. 2 )
*''North American Fiddle Music: a research and information guide'' by Drew Beisswenger (2011) Routledge.

External links

Faroese
fiddling


with clips of many North American styles


an encyclopedia of historical notes on tunes from British, Celtic, and American traditions


of regions in Ireland and traditional Irish fiddle players

Differences
between fiddle and violin

Polish Fiddles

mazankizłóbcoki

Złóbcoki (fiddles) - “Instruments with Soul” documentary

Violoneux.fr
background information on fiddlers of different French regions in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In French.

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Cajun musical instruments
Celtic musical instruments
Czech musical instruments
English musical instruments
Faroese musical instruments
Fiddles
Irish musical instruments
Scottish musical instruments
Welsh musical instruments