The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a
plexus
In neuroanatomy, a plexus (from the Latin term for "braid") is a branching network of vessels or nerves. The vessels may be blood vessels (veins, capillaries) or lymphatic vessels. The nerves are typically axons outside the central nervous system ...
of
cells
Cell most often refers to:
* Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life
Cell may also refer to:
Locations
* Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...
that arises from the
tela choroidea in each of the
ventricles of the brain.
Regions of the choroid plexus produce and secrete most of the
cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the ...
(CSF) of the
central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all p ...
.
The choroid plexus consists of modified
ependymal cells surrounding a core of
capillaries and
loose connective tissue.
Multiple
cilia
The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike proje ...
on the ependymal cells move to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.
Structure
Location
There is a choroid plexus in each of the four
ventricles. In the
lateral ventricles it is found in the
body, and continued in an enlarged amount in the
atrium. There is no choroid plexus in the
anterior horn. In the
third ventricle
The third ventricle is one of the four connected ventricles of the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. It is a slit-like cavity formed in the diencephalon between the two thalami, in the midline between the right and left lateral ...
there is a small amount in the roof that is continuous with that in the body, via the
interventricular foramina, the channels that connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. A choroid plexus is in part of the roof of the
fourth ventricle.
Microanatomy
The choroid plexus consists of a layer of
cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of
capillaries and
loose connective tissue.
The
epithelium
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellul ...
of the choroid plexus is continuous with the
ependymal cell layer (ventricular layer) that lines the ventricular system. Progenitor ependymal cells are monociliated but they
differentiate into multiciliated ependymal cells.
Unlike the ependyma, the choroid plexus epithelial layer has
tight junctions between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); thus the choroid plexus acts as a blood–CSF barrier. The choroid plexus folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increase the surface area of the choroid plexus. CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. Choroid plexus epithelial cells actively transport sodium ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient.
The choroid plexus consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much
active transport of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made.
Function
The choroid plexus regulates the production and composition of
cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the ...
(CSF), that provides the protective buoyancy for the brain.
CSF acts as a medium for the
glymphatic filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain, and the exchange of
biomolecules and
xenobiotics
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Natural comp ...
into and out of the brain.
In this way the choroid plexus has a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally.
The choroid plexus is also a major source of
transferrin
Transferrins are glycoproteins found in vertebrates which bind to and consequently mediate the transport of iron (Fe) through blood plasma. They are produced in the liver and contain binding sites for two Fe3+ ions. Human transferrin is encod ...
secretion that plays a part in
iron homeostasis
Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically imp ...
in the brain.
Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid–brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate blood from CSF at the capillary level and CSF from brain tissue.
The blood–CSF boundary at the choroid plexus is a membrane composed of
epithelial cells
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellu ...
and
tight junctions that link them.
There is a CSF-brain barrier at the level of the pia mater, but only in the embryo.
Similar to the
blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from ''non-selectively'' crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system where ne ...
, the blood–CSF barrier functions to prevent the passage of most blood-borne substances into the brain, while selectively permitting the passage of specific substances into the brain and facilitating the removal of brain metabolites and metabolic products into the blood.
Despite the similar function between the BBB and BCSFB, each facilitates the transport of different substances into the brain due to the distinctive structural characteristics of each of the two barrier systems.
For a number of substances, the BCSFB is the primary site of entry into brain tissue.
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier has also been shown to modulate the entry of leukocytes from the blood to the central nervous system. The choroid plexus cells secrete
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in au ...
s that recruit
monocyte-derived macrophages, among other cells, to the brain. This cellular trafficking has implications both in normal brain homeostasis and in
neuroinflammatory processes.
Clinical significance
Choroid plexus cysts
During
fetal development, some
choroid plexus cysts
Choroid plexus cysts (CPCs) are cysts that occur within choroid plexus of the brain. They are the most common type of intraventricular cyst, occurring in 1% of all pregnancies.
It is believed that many adults have one or more tiny CPCs. The fetal ...
may form. These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a detailed
second trimester ultrasound. The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts are usually an isolated finding.
The cysts typically disappear later during pregnancy, and are usually harmless. They have no effect on infant and early childhood development.
Cysts confers a 1% risk of fetal
aneuploidy
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with an ...
.
The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. Size, location, disappearance or progression, and whether the cysts are found on both sides or not do not affect the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) cases will present with choroid plexus cysts, as well 1.4% of
Down syndrome
Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is usually associated with physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual d ...
(trisomy 21) cases. ~75% of abnormal karyotypes associated with choroid plexus cysts are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21.
Other
There are three
graded types of
choroid plexus tumor that mainly affect young children. These types of
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
are rare.
Etymology
Choroid plexus translates from the Latin plexus chorioides,
[Suzuki, S., Katsumata, T., Ura, R. Fujita, T., Niizima, M. & Suzuki, H. (1936). Über die Nomina Anatomica Nova. ''Folia Anatomica Japonica, 14'', 507-536.] which mirrors Ancient Greek χοριοειδές πλέγμα.
The word ''chorion'' was used by
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus ( el, Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – c. AD 216), often Anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Considered to be o ...
to refer to the outer membrane enclosing the fetus. Both meanings of the word plexus are given as pleating, or braiding.
As often happens language changes and the use of both ''choroid'' or ''chorioid'' is both accepted.
Nomina Anatomica
''Nomina Anatomica'' (''NA'') was the international standard on human anatomic terminology from 1895 until it was replaced by '' Terminologia Anatomica'' in 1998.
In the late nineteenth century some 30,000 terms for various body parts were in us ...
(now
Terminologia Anatomica
''Terminologia Anatomica'' is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomi ...
) reflected this dual usage.
Additional images
File:Gray749.png, Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
File:Choroid Plexus Histology 40x.png, Choroid Plexus Histology 40x
File:Slide2ff.JPG, Choroid plexus
File:Slide3oo.JPG, Choroid plexus
File:Choroid plexus.jpg, Choroid plexus
See also
*
Choroid plexus papilloma
*
Tela choroidea
References
Sources
*
*
External links
3-Dimensional images of choroid plexus (marked red)*
Images of Choroid Plexus
* More info a
BrainInfo
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choroid Plexus
Meninges
Ventricular system