Boat

A boat is a watercraft of a large range of types and sizes, but generally smaller than a

ship

, which is distinguished by its larger size, shape, cargo or passenger capacity, or its ability to carry boats.

Small boats are typically found on inland waterways such as

river

s and

lake

s, or in protected coastal areas. However, some boats, such as the whaleboat, were intended for use in an offshore environment. In modern

naval

terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard a ship. Anomalous definitions exist, as lake freighters long on the

Great Lakes

are called "boats".

Boats vary in proportion and construction methods with their intended purpose, available materials, or local traditions.

Canoe

s have been used since prehistoric times and remain in use throughout the world for transportation, fishing, and sport.

Fishing boat

s vary widely in style partly to match local conditions. Pleasure craft used in

recreational boating

include ski boats, pontoon boats, and

sailboat

s.

House boat

s may be used for vacationing or long-term residence. Lighters are used to convey cargo to and from large ships unable to get close to shore. Lifeboats have rescue and safety functions.

Boats can be propelled by manpower (e.g.

rowboat

s and paddle boats), wind (e.g.

sailboat

s), and motor (including

gasoline

,

diesel

, and electric).

History

Boats have served as transportation since the earliest times. Circumstantial evidence, such as the early settlement of Australia over 40,000 years ago, findings in

Crete

dated 130,000 years ago, and in Flores dated to 900,000 years ago, suggest that boats have been used since prehistoric times. The earliest boats are thought to have been dugouts,

and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7,000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world, the Pesse canoe, found in the

Netherlands

, is a dugout made from the hollowed tree trunk of a ''

Pinus sylvestris

'' that was constructed somewhere between 8200 and 7600 BC. This

canoe

is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered.

Raft

s have operated for at least 8,000 years.
A 7,000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in

Kuwait

.
Boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in

Sumer

,

ancient Egypt

and in the

Indian Ocean

.

Boats played an important role in the commerce between the

Indus Valley Civilization

and

Mesopotamia

. Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites.
Uru craft originate in

Beypore

, a village in south

Calicut

,

Kerala

, in southwestern

India

. This type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed solely of teak, with a transport capacity of 400 tonnes. The ancient Arabs and Greeks used such boats as trading vessels.

The historians Herodotus,

Pliny the Elder

and

Strabo

record the use of boats for commerce, travel, and military purposes.

Types

Boats can be categorized into three main types:
# Unpowered or human-powered. Unpowered craft include

raft

s meant for one-way downstream travel. Human-powered boats include

canoe

s,

kayak

s,

gondola

s and boats propelled by poles like a punt.
#

Sailboat

s, propelled mainly by means of sails.
#

Motorboat

s, propelled by mechanical means, such as

engine

s.

Terminology

The hull is the main, and in some cases only, structural component of a boat. It provides both capacity and

buoyancy

. The

keel

is a boat's "backbone", a lengthwise structural member to which the perpendicular frames are fixed. On most boats a deck covers the hull, in part or whole. While a

ship

often has several decks, a boat is unlikely to have more than one. Above the deck are often lifelines connected to stanchions, bulwarks perhaps topped by gunnels, or some combination of the two. A cabin may protrude above the deck forward, aft, along the centerline, or covering much of the length of the boat. Vertical structures dividing the internal spaces are known as bulkheads.

The forward end of a boat is called the bow, the aft end the

stern

. Facing forward the right side is referred to as starboard and the left side as port.

Building materials

Until the mid-19th century most boats were made of natural materials, primarily wood, although reed, bark and animal skins were also used. Early boats include the bound-reed style of boat seen in Ancient Egypt, the

birch bark

canoe

, the animal hide-covered

kayak

and coracle and the

dugout canoe

made from a single log.

By the mid-19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood. In 1855 ferro-cement boat construction was patented by the French, who coined the name "ferciment". This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered over with cement. Reinforced with bulkheads and other internal structure it is strong but heavy, easily repaired, and, if sealed properly, will not leak or corrode.

As the forests of Britain and Europe continued to be over-harvested to supply the keels of larger wooden boats, and the

Bessemer process

(

patent

ed in 1855) cheapened the cost of steel, steel ships and boats began to be more common. By the 1930s boats built entirely of steel from frames to plating were seen replacing wooden boats in many industrial uses and fishing fleets. Private recreational boats of steel remain uncommon. In 1895 WH Mullins produced steel boats of galvanized iron and by 1930 became the world's largest producer of pleasure boats.

Mullins also offered boats in aluminum from 1895 through 1899 and once again in the 1920s, but it wasn't until the mid-20th century that

aluminium

gained widespread popularity. Though much more expensive than steel, aluminum alloys exist that do not corrode in salt water, allowing a similar load carrying capacity to steel at much less weight.

Around the mid-1960s, boats made of fiberglass (aka "glassfibre") became popular, especially for recreational boats. Fiberglass is also known as "GRP" (glass-reinforced plastic) in the UK, and "FRP" (for fiber-reinforced plastic) in the US. Fiberglass boats are strong, and do not rust, corrode, or rot. Instead, they are susceptible to structural degradation from sunlight and extremes in temperature over their lifespan. Fiberglass structures can be made stiffer with sandwich panels, where the fiberglass encloses a lightweight core such as balsa or foam.

Cold moulding is a modern construction method, using wood as the structural component. In cold moulding very thin strips of wood are layered over a form. Each layer is coated with resin, followed by another directionally alternating layer laid on top. Subsequent layers may be stapled or otherwise mechanically fastened to the previous, or weighted or vacuum bagged to provide compression and stabilization until the resin sets.

Propulsion

The most common means of boat propulsion are as follows:
* Engine
** Inboard motor
** Stern drive (Inboard/outboard)
** Outboard motor
**

Paddle wheel

** Water jet (jetboat, personal water craft)
** Fan (

hovercraft

,

air boat

)
* Man (rowing, paddling, setting pole etc.)
* Wind (sailing)

Buoyancy

A boat displaces its weight in water, regardless whether it is made of wood, steel, fiberglass, or even concrete. If weight is added to the boat, the volume of the hull drawn below the waterline will increase to keep the balance above and below the surface equal. Boats have a natural or designed level of buoyancy. Exceeding it will cause the boat first to ride lower in the water, second to take on water more readily than when properly loaded, and ultimately, if overloaded by any combination of structure, cargo, and water, sink.

As commercial vessels must be correctly loaded to be safe, and as the sea becomes less buoyant in brackish areas such as the

Baltic

, the Plimsoll line was introduced to prevent overloading.

European Union classification

Since 1998 all new leisure boats and barges built in Europe between 2.5m and 24m must comply with the

EU

's Recreational Craft Directive (RCD). The Directive establishes four categories that permit the allowable wind and wave conditions for vessels in each class:"The Barge Buyer's Handbook" - DBA publications
*Class A - the boat may safely navigate any waters.
*Class B - the boat is limited to offshore navigation. (Winds up to Force 8 & waves up to 4 metres)
*Class C - the boat is limited to inshore (coastal) navigation. (Winds up to Force 6 & waves up to 2 metres)
*Class D - the boat is limited to rivers, canals and small lakes. (Winds up to Force 4 & waves up to 0.5 metres)

Gallery

File:A boat in India.JPG, A boat on the

Ganges River

File:Babur crossing the river Son.jpg, Babur crossing river Son; folio from an illustrated manuscript of ‘Babur-Namah’, Mughal,

Akbar

Period, AD 1598
File:Tug Boat NY 1.jpg, A

tugboat

is used for towing or pushing another larger

ship

File:DerelictBoatFollyIs.jpg, A ship's derelict lifeboat, built of steel, rusting away in the wetlands of Folly Island,

South Carolina

, United States
File:EgyptTombOarboat.jpg, A boat in an Egyptian tomb, painted around 1450 BC
File:Historic Center of Quito - World Heritage Site by UNESCO - Photo 437.jpg, Dugout boats in the courtyard of the Old Military Hospital in the Historic Center of Quito
File:Jiajing Emperor on his state barge.jpg,

Ming Dynasty

Chinese painting of the Wanli Emperor enjoying a boat ride on a river with an entourage of guards and courtiers
File:Kambojika Putta Khemara Tarei (front).jpg, Worlds longest dragon boat on display in

Phnom Penh

, Cambodia
File:lifeboat.17-31.underway.arp.jpg, At 17 metres long, the Severn-class lifeboats are the largest operational lifeboats in the UK
File:Oldboats.JPG, Aluminum flat-bottomed boats ashore for storage
File:Sauce Bottle - geograph.org.uk - 13422.jpg, A boat shaped like a sauce bottle that was sailed across the

Atlantic Ocean

by Tom McClean
File:Yacht and Sails.JPG, Anchored boats in Portovenere, Italy
File:Groep in een boot, Stadsbuitengracht Utrecht, 2019 - 2.jpg, A boat in Utrecht, Netherlands

See also

* Abora
* Barge
* Cabin cruiser
*

Canoe

* Car float
* Coracle
* Dinghy
* Dory
* Fishing vessel
* Flatboat
* Halkett boat
* Inflatable boat
* Kayak
* Launch (boat)
* Lifeboat (rescue), Lifeboat
* Lighter (barge), Lighter
* Log canoe
* Narrowboat
* Naval architecture
* Panga (skiff), Panga (boat)
* Pirogue
* Poveiro (boat), Poveiro
* Rescue craft
* Riverboat
* Rowing
*

Sailboat

* Sampan
* Ship
* Ship's boat
* Skiff
* Tour boat
* Traditional fishing boats
* Tûranor PlanetSolar
* Watercraft
* Yacht

References

External links

* University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections �
Freshwater and Marine Image Bank
(enter search term "vessels" for images of boats and vessels.)

{{Authority control

Boats,
Watercraft
Fishing equipment