Tenthredinidae - Tenthredo Temula-001

Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 7,500 species worldwide, divided into 430 genera. Larvae are herbivores and typically feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers. The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars. As with all hymenopterans, common sawflies undergo complete metamorphosis.

The family has no easily seen diagnostic features, though the combination of five to nine antennal flagellomeres plus a clear separation of the first abdominal tergum from the metapleuron can reliably separate them. These sawflies are often black or brown, and 3 to 20 mm long. Like other sawflies, they lack the slender "wasp-waist", or petiole, between the thorax and abdomen, characteristic of many hymenopterans. The mesosoma and the metasoma are instead broadly joined. The Tenthredinidae are also often somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, which will distinguish them at least from the slender cephids (which, together with the common sawflies, comprise many of the Nearctic species of Symphyta).

Females use their saw-like ovipositors to cut slits through barks of twigs, into which translucent eggs are wedged, which damages the trees. They are common in meadows, and in forest glades near rapid streams. Adults eat little, while larvae feed on foliage of streamside trees and shrubs, especially willow.

A number of species and genera have been described from the fossil record such as ''Eriocampa tulameenensis'' and ''Pseudosiobla campbelli'' of British Columbia.

Life cycle ''

Cladius difformis''

File:Cladius difformis larva.jpg, Larva
File:Cladius difformis pupa dorsal.jpg, Pupa, dorsal view
File:Cladius difformis pupa ventral.jpg, Pupa, ventral view
File:Cladius difformis female.jpg, Female
File:Cladius difformis male.jpg, Male

Taxonomy

The Tenthredinidae are divided into seven subfamilies. Of the 430 genera, nine contain more than 50 species.

Subfamilies and genera

Subfamilies and genera within this family include:Funet
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* Subfamily Allantinae
** ''Adamas'' Malaise, 1945
** ''Allantus'' Panzer, 1801
** '' Ametastegia ''A. Costa, 1882
** '' Apethymus'' Benson, 1939
** ''Athalia'' Leach, 1817

** ''Empria'' Lepeletier, 1828
** ''Eriocampa'' Hartig, 1837
** '' Monosoma'' MacGillivray, 1908
** ''Monostegia'' O. Costa, 1859
** '' Taxonus'' Hartig, 1837
* Subfamily Blennocampinae
** ''Ardis'' Konow, 1886
** '' Blennocampa'' Hartig, 1837
** ''Cladardis'' Benson, 1952
** ''Claremontia'' Rohwer, 1909
** ''Eutomostethus'' Enslin, 1914
** '' Halidamia'' Benson, 1939
** '' Hoplocampoides'' Enslin, 1913
** '' Monardis'' Benson, 1952
** ''Monophadnoides'' Ashmead, 1898
** ''Monophadnus'' Hartig, 1837
** ''Paracharactus'' MacGillivray, 1908
** '' Periclista'' Konow, 1886
** ''Phymatocera'' Dahlbom, 1835
** '' Rhadinoceraea'' Konow, 1886
** ''Stethomostus'' Benson, 1939
** '' Tomostethus'' Konow, 1886
* Subfamily Heterarthrinae
** ''Caliroa'' O. Costa, 1859
** '' Endelomyia'' Ashmead, 1898
** '' Fenella'' Westwood, 1840
** '' Fenusa'' Leach, 11817
** '' Heterarthrus'' Stephens, 1835
** '' Messa'' Leach, 1817
** ''Metallus'' Forbes, 1885
** '' Parna'' Benson, 1936
** '' Profenusa'' MacGillivray, 1914
** '' Rocalia'' Takeuchi, 1952
** '' Scolioneura'' Konow, 1890
* Subfamily Nematinae
** '' Amauronematus'' Konow, 1890
** ''Anoplonyx'' Marlatt, 1896
** '' Cladius'' Illiger, 1807
** ''Croesus'' Leach, 1817
** '' Decanematus'' Malaise, 1931
** ''Dineura'' Dahlbom, 1835
** '' Eitelius'' Kontuniemi, 1966
** ''Endophytus'' Hering, 1934
** '' Eupontania'' Zinovjev, 1985
** ''Euura'' Newman, 1837
** '' Hemichroa'' Stephens, 1835
** ''Hoplocampa'' Hartig, 1837
** ''Mesoneura'' Hartig, 1837
** '' Micronematus'' Konow, 1890
** ''Nematinus'' Rohwer, 1911
** '' Nematus'' Panzer, 1801
** ''Pachynematus'' Konow, 1890
** ''Pikonema'' Ross, 1937
** '' Platycampus'' Schiødte, 1839
** ''Pontania'' Costa, 1859
** '' Pontopristia'' Malaise, 1921
** '' Priophorus'' Dahlbom, 1835
** ''Pristiphora'' Latreille, 1810
** '' Pseudodineura'' Konow, 1885
** '' Sharliphora'' Wong, 1969
** '' Stauronematus'' Benson, 1953
** '' Trichiocampus'' Hartig, 1837
* Subfamily Selandriinae
** '' Aneugmenus'' Hartig, 1837
** '' Birka'' Malaise, 1944
** '' Brachythops'' Haliday, 1839
** '' Dolerus'' Jurine, 1807
** '' Hemitaxonus'' Ashmead, 1898
** '' Heptamelus'' Haliday, 1855
** '' Loderus'' Konow, 1890
** '' Nesoselandria'' Rohwer, 1910
** '' Pseudoheptamelus'' Conde, 1932
** '' Selandria'' Leach, 1817
** '' Strombocerina'' Malaise, 1942
** '' Strongylogaster'' Dahlbom, 1835
* Subfamily Susaninae
** '' Susana'' Rohwer & Middleton, 1932
* Subfamily Tenthredininae
** '' Aglaostigma'' Kirby, 1882
** '' Eurogaster'' Zirngiebl, 1953
** '' Ischyroceraea'' Kiaer, 1898
** '' Macrophya'' Dahlbom, 1835
** '' Pachyprotasis'' Hartig, 1837
** '' Perineura'' Hartig, 1837
** '' Rhogogaster'' Konow, 1884
** '' Siobla'' Cameron, 1877
** '' Tenthredo'' Linnaeus, 1758
** '' Tenthredopsis'' A. Costa, 1859
** '' Tyloceridius'' Malaise, 1945
** '' Ussurinus'' Malaise, 1931

Phylogeny

Of these subfamilies, Tenthredininae and Allantinae are sister groups, and together form a sister group to the Nematinae.

References

Bibliography

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* , in Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufname. Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Goecke& Evers, Keltern.
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External links

Hymis de
Image gallery

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1280932

Sawfly families
Insect pests of temperate forests
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille