The Helminthoglyptinae are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994962 on 2021-02-25 This is a large and diverse group of new world snails, ranging in distribution from Alaska through

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

to the West Indies, Central America, and as far south as Argentina. The shells are typically of medium to large size, with no apertural teeth but usually with a reflected apertural lip.

Anatomy

In the species in this family, the

diverticulum In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false. In medicine, t ...

may be present or absent. They possess a single dart apparatus with one stylophore (dart sac) and two mucus glands. These snails use the love dart as part of their mating behavior. In this subfamily, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

The basic nomenclature and taxonomy of this large and complex subfamily of land snails has been the subject of many modifications, and the list of genera given here is applicable only when the subfamily is broadly interpreted. Many of these snail genera have been placed by various authors in more restrictively defined families, such as:

Cepolidae The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific wherethey dig burrows in sandy or muddy seabeds and eat zooplankton. Taxonomy The bandfishes belong to the famil ...

Epiphragmophoridae Epiphragmophorinae is a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. ...

, Humboldtianidae, Monadeniidae, and Xanthonychidae.Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. ''Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico)''. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(1): 1-573. Tribes in the subfamily Helminthoglyptinae include (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): *tribe Helminthoglyptini Pilsbry, 1939 **subtribe Helminthoglyptina Pilsbry, 1939: the mucus glands lie adjacent to the vagina or to the sheath of the dart apparatus; the ducts of the glands are provided with bulbous reservoirs. **subtribe Micrariontina Schileyko, 1991: the mucus glands lie adjacent to the dart sac; in part the dart apparatus is missing. *tribe Sonorelicini Roth, 1996 Subfamily Sonorellinae Pilsbry, 1939: the diverticulum and the dart apparatus are absent.

Genera

ITIS listed 16 genera under Helminthoglyptidae.
"BioLib" biological library; accessed 17 Apr. 2008. WoRMS added the two genera ''Greggelix'' and ''Micrarionta'', as well as dividing the subfamily into two tribes.They are listed below: * Helminthoglyptini Pilsbry, 1939 ** '' Cahuillus'' B. Roth, 1996 ** '' Chamaearionta'' S.S. Berry, 1930 ** ''

Eremarionta ''Eremarionta'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helminthoglyptidae The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks wi ...

'' Pilsbry, 1913 ** '' Eremariontoides'' W.B. Miller, 1981 ** '' Greggelix'' W.B. Miller, 1972 ** ''

Helminthoglypta ''Helminthoglypta'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helminthoglyptinae of the family Xanthonychidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglypta A ...

'' Ancey, 1887 - type genus of the family Helminthoglyptidae and subtribe Helminthoglyptina ** '' Herpeteros'' Berry, 1947 ** ''

Micrarionta ''Micrarionta'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helminthoglyptidae. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Micrarionta'': *'' Micrarionta beatula'' ...

'' Ancey, 1880 - type genus of the subtribe Micrariontina ** '' Martirelix'' W.B. Miller, 1982 ** '' Noyo'' Roth, 1996 ** ''

Plesarionta ''Xerarionta'' is a genus of land snails in the family Helminthoglyptidae. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Xerarionta'': *''Xerarionta agnesae'' *''Xerarionta areolata'' *†''Xerarionta constenii'' *''Xerarionta i ...

'' Pilsbry, 1939 ** '' Rothelix'' Miller, 1985 ** ''

Sonorelix ''Sonorelix'' is a genus of terrestrial snail. The genus was first described in 1943 by S. S. Berry. Taxonomy ''Sonorelix'' contains the following species: * ''Sonorelix avawatzica'' (S. S. Berry, 1930) * ''Sonorelix baileyi'' (Bartsch, 1904) ...

'' Berry, 1943 - was listed as type genus of the tribe Sonorelicini ** ''

Xerarionta ''Xerarionta'' is a genus of land snails in the family Helminthoglyptidae. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Xerarionta'': *''Xerarionta agnesae'' *''Xerarionta areolata'' *†''Xerarionta constenii'' *'' Xerariont ...

'' Pilsbry, 1913 * Sonorellini Pilsbry, 1939 ** '' Maricopella'' Roth, 1996 ** '' Mohavelix'' Berry, 1943 ** '' Myotophallus'' Pilsbry, 1939 ** ''

Sonorella ''Sonorella'' is a genus of land snails in the subfamily Helminthoglyptinae. They are known commonly as talussnails or talus snails because most live in talus and similar habitat. They are distributed across the southwestern United States and a ...

'' Pilsbry, 1900 - was listed as type genus of the subfamily Sonorellinae (now Sonorellini) Genera listed below has an unknown origin: * '' Averellia'' Ancey, 1887 * ''

Cepolis ''Cepolis'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cepolidae The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific wherethey dig burrows in sandy or muddy ...

'' Montfort, 1810 * ''

Dialeuca ''Dialeuca'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Cepolidae The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific wherethey dig burrows in sandy or mudd ...

'' Albers, 1850 * ''

Hemitrochus ''Hemitrochus'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae/Cepolidae The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the ...

'' Swainson, 1840 * ''

Humboldtiana ''Humboldtiana'' is a genus of American air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Humboldtianinae. Anatomy Snails in this genus create and use love darts as part of their mating behavior. The scann ...

'' Ihering, 1892 * '' Leptarionta'' Fischer & Crosse, 1872 * ''

Polymita ''Polymita'' is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helminthoglyptidae. These snails are endemic to Cuba. Anatomy ''Polymita'' creates and uses love darts as part of its mating be ...

'' Beck, 1837 * '' Setipellis'' Pilsbry, 1926 * '' Tryonigens'' Pilsbry, 1927 The taxon listed below was moved into another taxon: * '' Xanthonyx'' Crosse & Fischer, 1867: Now under Xanthonychidae.

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q99543108, from2=Q1399733