The ''Zweihänder'' (, literally "two-hander"), also ''Doppelhänder'' ("double-hander"), ''Beidhänder'' ("both-hander"), ''Bihänder'', or ''Bidenhänder'', is a large
two-handed sword that was used primarily during the 16th century.
''Zweihänder'' swords developed from the
longswords of the
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the Periodization, period of History of Europe, European history lasting from 1300 to 1500 AD. The late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period ( ...
and became the hallmark weapon of the German ''
Landsknecht
The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line was ...
e'' from the time of
Maximilian I (d. 1519) and during the
Italian Wars
The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the House of Valois, Valois kings o ...
of 1494–1559. The ''
Goliath Fechtbuch'' (1510) shows an intermediate form between
longsword and ''Zweihänder''.
This represented the final stage in the trend of making very large swords, which started in the 14th century, and ended in the 16th century. In its developed form, the ''Zweihänder'' acquired the handling characteristics of a
polearm
A polearm or pole weapon is a close combat weapon in which the main fighting part of the weapon is fitted to the end of a long shaft, typically of wood, extending the user's effective range and striking power. Polearms are predominantly melee we ...
rather than a sword due to its increased size and weight, therefore adding to its striking power and longer reach. Consequently, it was not carried in a sheath, but across the shoulder like a
pike or
halberd.
Morphology
Due to their length and weight, which was typically at least and around , Zweihänders required two hands, as the name implies; as such they require at least for the
hilt.
Zweihänders that were in weight or more were confined to parade and ceremonial use.
Early Zweihänders were simply larger versions of
longswords. Later examples had ''Parierhaken'' ("parrying hooks") at the top of the ''
ricasso'' as well as side rings on the hilt. Swords continued to be made without one or both features.
Some Zweihänders had wavy blades, and were called
Flammenschwert.
Application

The weapon is mostly associated with either Swiss or German mercenaries known as ''
Landsknecht
The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line was ...
e'', and their wielders were known as ''
Doppelsöldner''. However, the Swiss outlawed their use, while the Landsknechte kept using them until much later.
The
Black Band of German mercenaries (active during the 1510s and 1520s) included 2,000 two-handed swordsmen in a total strength of 17,000 men. Zweihänder-wielders fought with and against
pike formations. Soldiers trained in the use of the sword were granted the title of ''Meister des langen Schwertes'' (lit. Master of the Long Sword) by the
Mark Brotherhood.
Frisian hero
Pier Gerlofs Donia is reputed to have wielded a Zweihänder with such skill, strength and efficiency that he managed to behead several people with it in a single blow. The Zweihänder ascribed to him is, as of 2008, on display in the
Fries Museum. It has a length of and a mass of about .
Modernity
Some modern
historical European martial arts groups, specifically ones focusing on the
German longsword styles, use some Zweihänders with less pronounced Parierhaken for training and tournament purposes. These less pronounced parrying hooks are sometimes colloquially referred to as "Schilden", or literally "shields" in German, as they are used to catch incoming opposing blades. These Schilden often also act as ricassos by smoothing out, and thickening, after the blade-catchers have been passed. These are specifically the Zweihänders called
feders, or federn in German, and are historically training weapons; there is no concrete evidence suggesting wooden longswords were ever actually used, even for training purposes. Even today, most modern training weapons are metal, as wood does not have as much give under blade pressure as real steel, although some synthetic plastic weapons are used for cost-efficiency. Additionally, some modern adjustments to certain weapons extend the
crossguards of the blades; this is in part because certain
HEMA schools follow manuscripts pertaining to Kreutz attacks – i.e., attacks performed with one's crossguard, specifically, and some persons also choose to use their Zweihänders as
rapiers, so a
basket hilt may be designed atop this extension.
Gallery
File:Landsknecht 1.JPG, A landsknecht
The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line was ...
with Zweihänder
File:London - Tower Zweihänder.jpg, Large two-handed swords in the White Tower (Tower of London)
File:Υπερμεγέθης Σπάθη.jpg, Zweihänder in Athens War Museum
File:Tvåhandssvärd, 1600-talets början - Livrustkammaren - 31050.tif, Zweihänder exhibited in Livrustkammaren
The Royal Armoury () is a museum in the Royal Palace in Stockholm
Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic ...
, Stockholm
Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
See also
*
Claymore
*
Great sword
*
Ōdachi
References
External links
Essay by Anthony Shore(''Journal of Western Martial Art'')
by John Clements
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zweihander
Early Modern European swords
European swords
Renaissance-era swords