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Znamianka (, ) is a
city A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agree ...
in central
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
,
Kropyvnytskyi Raion Kropyvnytskyi Raion is a raion (district) of Kirovohrad Oblast in central Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Kropyvnytskyi (until July 2016 Kirovohrad). Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, ...
,
Kirovohrad Oblast Kirovohrad Oblast (), also known as Kirovohradshchyna (), is an administrative divisions of Ukraine, oblast (''province'') in central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Kropyvnytskyi. The oblast's population is It is ...
. It hosts the administration of
Znamianka urban hromada Znamianka urban hromada is a hromada in Kropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine. Its administrative center is Znamianka. The hromada contains the city Znamianka, the town Znamianka Druha and the villages Petrove (Znamianka urban hromada), ...
, one of the
hromada In Ukraine, a hromada () is the main type of municipality and the third level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, local self-government in Ukraine. The current hromadas were established by the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, Government of Uk ...
s of Ukraine. Population: It is located about halfway between the regional center
Kropyvnytskyi Kropyvnytskyi (, ) is a city in central Ukraine, situated on the Inhul, Inhul River. It serves as the administrative center of Kirovohrad Oblast. Population: Over its history, Kropyvnytskyi has changed its name several times. The settlement ...
(west), and cities of
Oleksandriia Oleksandriia (, ) is a city in Kirovohrad Oblast, central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Oleksandriia Raion and . Oleksandriia is located within the Kryvyi Rih metropolitan area. In 2001, it had a population of 93,357, a ...
(east) and
Svitlovodsk Svitlovodsk (, ) is a city located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Oleksandriia Raion, part of Kirovohrad Oblast in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Svitlovodsk urban hromada, one of the many hromadas of Ukraine. The city ...
(north).


History

The lands of the modern Kirovohrad Oblast and the Znamianka territorial
hromada In Ukraine, a hromada () is the main type of municipality and the third level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, local self-government in Ukraine. The current hromadas were established by the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, Government of Uk ...
were first inhabited by
Scythia Scythia (, ) or Scythica (, ) was a geographic region defined in the ancient Graeco-Roman world that encompassed the Pontic steppe. It was inhabited by Scythians, an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people. Etymology The names ...
ns, it was near the Znamianka that a bronze and golden image of the Scythian eagle was found, which is now a symbol of the region. In the course of excavations, many remains of the
Chernoles culture Chernoles culture or Black Forest cultureEllen D. Reeder, Esther Jacobson, Scythian gold: treasures from ancient Ukraine. San Antonio Museum of Art - 1999 - p. 352 (Чорноліська культура) is an Iron Age archaeological unit dati ...
were found here. In the Middle Ages, during the time of
Kyivan Rus' Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,. * was the first East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of Russ ...
, the East Slavic tribe of Ulichis lived here. After the liberation of the former Kyivan Rus' from the Tatars in the
Battle of Blue Waters The Battle of Blue Waters was fought at some time in the autumn of 1362 or 1363 on the banks of the Syniukha River, a left tributary of the Southern Bug, between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Golden Horde. The Lithuanians won ...
and the unification of the principalities of Kyiv, Pereyaslav, and Chernihiv with the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, ...
, there was a need to protect the southeastern borders from attacks by the
Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783, the longest-lived of th ...
and
Muscovy Muscovy or Moscovia () is an alternative name for the Principality of Moscow (1263–1547) and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). It may also refer to: *Muscovy Company, an English trading company chartered in 1555 *Muscovy duck (''Cairina mosch ...
- states that were formed after the collapse of the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of ...
at the end of the 15th century. For this,
Dmytro Vyshnevetsky Dmytro Ivanovych Vyshnevetsky (; ; ) was a Ruthenian magnate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He established the Zaporozhian Cossack stronghold on the Small Khortytsia Island. He was also known as ''Baida'' () in Ukrainian folk song ...
founded the first
Zaporozhian Sich The Zaporozhian Sich (, , ; also ) was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Zaporozhian Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries, for the latter part of that period as an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossa ...
on the island of
Khortytsia Khortytsia (, ) is the largest island on the Dnieper River, and is long and up to wide. The island forms part of the Khortytsia National Reserve. This historic site is located within the city limits of Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. The island has ...
, thus the Ukrainian Cossacs appeared. On the territory of the modern Kirovohrad region the Zaporozhians founded many villages near the territory of modern Znamianka, like
Moshoryne Moshoryne () is a village in central Ukraine, Kropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, in Subottsi rural hromada. It has a population of Geography The Beshka (river), Beshka River flows through the territory of the village History The vill ...
and
Subottsi Subottsi () is a village in Kropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, central Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Subottsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. History These lands were under the rule of the Ukrainian Cossacks of Co ...
. After the destruction of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks by the Russians in 1775, the lands of central Ukraine came under the direct authority of Russian Empire Znamianka was established in 1869 when there started train movement between Kharkiv and Odesa in area that historically was known as Black Forest (or Nigra Sylva).(Знам’янка, Знам’янський район, Кіровоградська область)
The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR ''The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR'' () is a Ukrainian encyclopedia, published in 26 volumes. It provides knowledge about the history of all populated places in Ukraine. It was approved by the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1 ...
(ukrssr.com.ua).
At the meadow of Black Forest, through which stretched a segment of Yelizavetgrad – Kriukov (west–east), there was built the train station main building and its offices. The station was named after the original village Znamianka that was located away and today is known as
Znamianka Druha Znamianka Druha (; ) is a rural settlement in Kropyvnytskyi Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast in Ukraine. It is located immediately west of the city of Znamianka. Znamianka Druha belongs to Znamianka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Popu ...
. To the area were resettled peasants from the
Oryol Governorate Oryol Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit ('' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1796 to 1928. Its seat was in the city of Oryol. Administrative division Oryol Governorate consisted of t ...
area, possible the Russian
Old Believers Old Believers or Old Ritualists ( Russian: староверы, ''starovery'' or старообрядцы, ''staroobryadtsy'') is the common term for several religious groups, which maintain the old liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian ...
for whom the
Our Lady of the Sign The icon of ''Our Lady of the Sign'' (; ; ) or ''Platytera'' () is the term for a particular type of icon of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary), facing the viewer directly, depicted either full length or half, with her hands raised in the ''orans'' posi ...
sacred. In Russian the Sign means Znamiennie, so in diminutive form the settlement's name became Znamianka. Also there is another version of the origin of the name, according to which during the
Russo-Turkish wars The Russo-Turkish wars ( ), or the Russo-Ottoman wars (), began in 1568 and continued intermittently until 1918. They consisted of twelve conflicts in total, making them one of the longest series of wars in the history of Europe. All but four of ...
, the
Ukrainian Cossacks The Zaporozhian Cossacks (in Latin ''Cossacorum Zaporoviensis''), also known as the Zaporozhian Cossack Army or the Zaporozhian Host (), were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from) the Dnieper Rapids. Along with Registered Cossa ...
, who were then under the protectorate of Russian Empire, before entering another battle with the turks, hid their jewels, in particular the flag, on one of the clearings of the Black Forest, later they died. According to this version, the name of the settlement appeared in honor of a reliably preserved flag ( Ukrainian. знамено, znameno). In 1873 there was opened movement of trains on the segment Znamianka – Mykolaiv, in 1876 towards Fastiv. Out of a small train station Znamianka started to transform into a rail hub. Znamianka became a train station at four-way crossroads northeast towards
Kremenchuk Kremenchuk (; , , also spelt Kremenchug, ) is an industrial city in central Ukraine which stands on the banks of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. The city serves as the administrative center of Kremenchuk Raion and Kremenchuk urban hromada within ...
, south towards
Mykolaiv Mykolaiv ( ), also known as Nikolaev ( ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and a hromada (municipality) in southern Ukraine. Mykolaiv is the Administrative centre, administrative center of Mykolaiv Raion (Raions of Ukraine, district) and Myk ...
, west towards Balta and northwest towards
Fastiv Fastiv (, ) is a city in the Kyiv Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. On older maps it is depicted as Khvastiv (; ). Administratively, it serves as the administrative centre of the Fastiv Raion (district), to which it does not administratively ...
. Simultaneously with building of the train station on a land lot that was rent out from landowners Osipovs by people from neighboring villages and other counties (uyezds), there appeared a small settlement of railway workers, Osipovoye. In 1886 there already were 24 private houses, an
earth shelter An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth-bermed house, earth-sheltered house, earth-covered house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls and/or on the roof, or that is entirely burie ...
, six trading places and population of 143. Couple of dozens years later just south of the train station there appeared another settlement of Linitskoye.


20th century

In 1913 in both Osipovoye and Linitskoye lived about 6,000 people. In the beginning for sometime the train station was classified of the third category with its locomotive depot accounting for 4 locomotives. In December 1883 when there ended construction of the new train station building, there were 29 locomotives and the depot employed some 92 workers. In the 1890s the rail hub was shipping out some 580,000
pood ''Pood'' ( rus, пуд, r=pud, p=put, plural: or ) is a unit of mass equal to 40 Funt (mass), ''funt'' (, Russian pound). Since 1899 it is set to approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pound (mass), pounds). It was used in Russia, Belarus, and Ukr ...
s of bread annually. During the 1917 to 1921
Ukrainian War of Independence The Ukrainian War of Independence, also referred to as the Ukrainian–Soviet War in Ukraine, lasted from March 1917 to November 1921 and was part of the wider Russian Civil War. It saw the establishment and development of an independent Ukr ...
and Ukrainian-Soviet war Znamianka was part of
Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) was a short-lived state in Eastern Europe. Prior to its proclamation, the Central Council of Ukraine was elected in March 1917 Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, as a result of the February Revolution, ...
,
Ukrainian state The Ukrainian State (), sometimes also called the Second Cossack Hetmanate, Hetmanate (), was an Anti-communism, anti-Bolshevik government that existed on most of the modern territory of Ukraine (except for Western Ukraine) from 29 April to 14 ...
, and the
Kholodny Yar Republic Kholodny Yar Republic (1919–1922; ) was a self-proclaimed state formation, partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the former Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR — or Ukrainian National Republic, UNR), in the Chyhyryn district of ...
. In 1920 Znamianka was captured by the Soviet army for the third time Without favorites and self-nominated. Who claims to win the "hot spot" of the elections in Kirovograd region
The Ukrainian Week ''The Ukrainian Week'' (, ) is an illustrated weekly magazine and news outlet covering politics, economics and the arts and aimed at the socially engaged Ukrainian-language reader. It provides a range of analysis, opinion, interviews, feature p ...
(14 October 2020)
In 1923 Znamianka became the district center, which was subordinated to 9 village councils. In 1930, Znamianka received the status of an urban-type settlement. During the
Holodomor The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Famine, was a mass famine in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–193 ...
(1932-1933) and Soviet repressions, at least 891 residents died. According to eyewitnesses, in 1933, in the area of the old railway station, exhausted peasants who escaped from the collective farms and tried to leave for the cities fell out of the freight cars. They were hidden by equally hungry local residents near the station itself or on its outskirts. In 1938, Znamianka received the status of a city, with a population of 14,600 people. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
Znamianka was under German occupation from August 5, 1941 to December 9, 1943. The Nazis shot 753 civilians, tortured 188 people, and forcibly transported 1,121 people to
forced labor Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...
in Germany. In the spring of 1943, the Stalag 359
prisoner-of-war camp A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as Prisoner of war, prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war. There are significant differences among POW camps, inte ...
was relocated from
Sandomierz Sandomierz (pronounced: ; , ) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy ...
in
German-occupied Poland German-occupied Poland can refer to: * General Government * Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany * Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) * Prussian Partition The Prussian Partition (), or Prussian Poland, is the former territories of the Polish� ...
to Znamianka, and then in July 1943, it was further moved to Borysivka. After the World War II, a new railway station was built in 1952, and five-story residential buildings in the 1960s. In 1968, the 14-meter Obelisk of Glory was installed in the city center, and in 1977, in front of it, the City Palace of Culture was opened. And in the 1980s, nine-story residential buildings were built. In January 1989 the population was 33 828 people.


Recent history

In 2012, based on the law "On the principles of the State language policy", City Council declared Znamianka's regional language to be
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
. On 28 February 2018 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ruled this law unconstitutional. In January 2013 the population was 23 983 people. During the period of Anti-Terrorist Operation in the East of Ukraine (2014-2018) and the Operation of the United Forces (2018-2021), almost 1,000 citizens of Znamianka took part in combat operations. 12 died, a central street in the city was named after one of them (
Viktor Holyi The name Victor or Viktor may refer to: * Victor (name), including a list of people with the given name, mononym, or surname Arts and entertainment Film * ''Victor'' (1951 film), a French drama film * ''Victor'' (1993 film), a French shor ...
). Until 18 July 2020, Znamianka was designated as a city of oblast significance and belonged to
Znamianka Municipality Znamianka (, ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city in central Ukraine, Kropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast. It hosts the administration of Znamianka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: It is located about halfway betw ...
but not to Znamianka Raion even though it was the center of the raion. Znamianka Municipality combined the city of Znamianka, the urban-type settlement of
Znamianka Druha Znamianka Druha (; ) is a rural settlement in Kropyvnytskyi Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast in Ukraine. It is located immediately west of the city of Znamianka. Znamianka Druha belongs to Znamianka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Popu ...
, and the four villages :
Petrove Petrove () or Petrovo () is a rural settlement in Oleksandriia Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Petrove settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: . Petrove is situated midway be ...
, Vodiane, Sokilnyky and Novooleksandrivka. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kirovohrad Oblast to four, Znamianka Municipality was merged into Kropyvnytskyi Raion. During the
Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...
, Znamianka became a refuge for several thousand refugees from the southeast of the state


Geography


Climate


Gallery

File:Пам'ятник паровозу в Знам'янці , 29 квітня 2023.jpg, Locomotive memorial near the railway station File:Будинок Лисенка , м Знам'янка , Кіровоградська обл. , Україна , 15 березня 2023.jpg, House of
Mykola Lysenko Mykola Vitaliiovych Lysenko (; 22 March 1842 – 6 November 1912) was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist of the late Romantic period. In his time he was the central figure of Ukrainian music, with an ''oeuvre'' tha ...
, the oldest building in Znamianka File:Пам'ятник у день 90-річча Голодомору , Знам'янка , Кіровоградська область , Україна.jpg, Memorial to victims of
Holodomor The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Famine, was a mass famine in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–193 ...
and political repressions File:Пам'ятник подіям Євромайдану , Знам'янка , 6 серпня 2023.jpg, Monument to the events of
Euromaidan Euromaidan ( ; , , ), or the Maidan Uprising, was a wave of Political demonstration, demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on 21 November 2013 with large protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) in Kyiv. The p ...
File:Добудований пам'ятник Шевченкові у Знам'янці , 2023.jpg, Monument to
Taras Shevchenko Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (; ; 9 March 1814 – 10 March 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, folklorist, and ethnographer. He was a fellow of the Imperial Academy of Arts and a member of the Brotherhood o ...
File:Привокзальна аллея у Знам'янці , жовтень 2022.jpg, Alley in front of railway station File:Міський парк , м.Знам'янка , Кіровоградська обл. , Україна.jpg, City park File:Знам'янська міська рада , 23 листопада 2022 року.jpg, Znamianka City Council File:Center of Znamianka.jpg, City center File:Добудований пам'ятник Шевченкові у Знам'янці , 2023.jpg, Monument to Taras Shevchenko File:Пам'ятник героям російсько-української війни у Знам'янці.jpg, Mohument to the heroes of
Russo-Ukrainian War The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014 and is ongoing. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia Russian occupation of Crimea, occupied and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, annexed Crimea from Ukraine. It then ...
File:Square in Znamianka.jpg, Central square


References


External links

* Volodymyr Panchenko.
In the arms of the Black Forest (В обіймах Чорного лісу)
'.
The Ukrainian Week ''The Ukrainian Week'' (, ) is an illustrated weekly magazine and news outlet covering politics, economics and the arts and aimed at the socially engaged Ukrainian-language reader. It provides a range of analysis, opinion, interviews, feature p ...
. 29 October 2017 {{Authority control Cities in Kirovohrad Oblast Cities of regional significance in Ukraine Railway towns in Ukraine