Zamoskvorechye District (russian: райо́н Замоскворе́чье) is a
district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municipa ...
of
Central Administrative Okrug
Central Administrative Okrug, or Tsentralny Administrativny Okrug (russian: Центра́льный администрати́вный о́круг, ''Tsentralny administrativny okrug''), is one of the twelve administrative okrugs of Moscow, R ...
of the
federal city
The term federal city is a title for certain cities in Germany, Switzerland, and Russia.
Germany
In Germany, the former West German capital Bonn has been designated with the unique title of federal city (''Bundesstadt''). Since 28 April 1994, it ...
of
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
. Population:
The district contains the eastern half of historical Zamoskvorechye area (its western half is administered by
Yakimanka District
Yakimanka District (russian: райо́н Якима́нка) is a administrative divisions of Moscow, district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal cities of Russia, federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population:
It is named after the ...
), and the territories of Zatsepa Street and
Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Paveletsky station (russian: Павелецкий вокзал) is one of Moscow's nine main railway stations. Originally called Saratovsky Railway Station, it was named after the settlement of Pavelets, when the railroad heading south-east from M ...
south of the
Garden Ring
The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (russian: Садо́вое кольцо́, кольцо́ "Б"; transliteration: ''Sadovoye Koltso''), is a circular ring road avenue around central Moscow, its course corresponding to what used to b ...
. The boundary between Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye districts follows
Balchug
Island (or Zamoskvorechye) is an area in Moscow. It is made up of an artificial island and is located right across from the Kremlin between the Moskva River and its old riverbed, which was turned into the Vodootvodny Canal in 1786. It does not ...
Street and Bolshaya Ordynka Street (north of
Garden Ring
The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (russian: Садо́вое кольцо́, кольцо́ "Б"; transliteration: ''Sadovoye Koltso''), is a circular ring road avenue around central Moscow, its course corresponding to what used to b ...
), Korovy Val and Mytnaya streets (south of Garden Ring).
History
Old Muscovy
Territories on the right (southern) bank of
Moskva River, now known as Zamoskvorechye, were first colonized in the 14th century. Two river crossings, west and east of the
Moscow Kremlin's walls, provide access to roads which originally continued south to
Kaluga and
Serpukhov, and served as main axes of settlement. Bolshaya Ordynka Street (Serpukhov road), currently the western boundary of the district, is named after ''Orda'',
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragme ...
, and was initially home to the
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different community. Regular floods and the north-south migration of Moskva river bed limited construction to a narrow, 500-700 meter wide strip of land between Ordynka and Tatarskaya streets. The development of Zamoskvorechye followed the eastward expansion of the city on the northern bank, thus eastern Zamoskvorechye is younger than the western Yakimanka District. For example, present-day Pyatnitskaya Street emerged early in the 15th century, when the expansion of
Moscow Kremlin moved the wooden
Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge
Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge (russian: Большой Москворецкий мост, link=no) is a concrete arch bridge that spans the Moskva River in Moscow, Russia, immediately east of the Kremlin. The bridge connects Red Square with Bolsh ...
one block eastward.
The fortified line on the site of the present-day Garden Ring was built in 1591-1592 during the reign of
Feodor I
Fyodor I Ivanovich (russian: Фёдор I Иванович) or Feodor I Ioannovich (russian: Феодор I Иоаннович; 31 May 1557 – 17 January (NS) 1598), also known as Feodor the Bellringer (russian: Феодор Звонарь), ...
. Within the fortress wall, life was organized in a patchwork
sloboda system. Soldiers, craftsmen and foreigners settled in clearly defined communities, with some degree of personal liberty and independence from the tsar's authorities:
*Royal garden attendants (садовники, ''sadovniki'') settled around
Balchug
Island (or Zamoskvorechye) is an area in Moscow. It is made up of an artificial island and is located right across from the Kremlin between the Moskva River and its old riverbed, which was turned into the Vodootvodny Canal in 1786. It does not ...
Street, in the beginning of present-day
Sadovnicheskaya Street
Sadovnicheskaya street (russian: Садо́вническая у́лица, lit. ''Gardener's Street'') is a street in the historical Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow, Russia, on a narrow island between Moskva River and the parallel old river be ...
from 1495 until the fire of 1701
*Tanners specializing in sheepskin (, ''ovchinniki'') settled the beginning of Pyatnitskaya Street, and gave their name to Ovchinnikovsky Lanes
*Royal mint workers (, ''monetchiki'') settled in the southern end of the neighborhood on Pyatnitskaya Street (Monetchikovsky Lanes)
*
Streltsy troops under command of colonel Veshniakov gave name to Vishnyakovsky Lane
*
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different community, still identifiable in Tatarskaya Streets population
*Court translators (, ''tolmachi'', German: ''Dolmetscher'') in Tolmachevsky Lanes
18th century
Sloboda system fell apart as a result of
Petrine reforms. The century was preceded by mass executions of
Streltsy (September 30, 1698); all Streltsy troops were disbanded by 1720. Craftsmen lost their businesses when the royal court relocated to
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
in 1713; the territories were slowly re-settled by farmers and merchants. Wealthier class concentrated in Pyatnitskaya and Ordynka streets; Zamoskvorechye became a quiet, country-like land of single-story houses and conservative businessmen. They gradually improved the area with new churches like the 1755
Church of the Savior on Bolvany
Church of Transfiguration of Savior in Bolvanovka (russian: Храм Спаса Преображения на Болвановке), also abbreviated to ''Saviour in Bolvanovka'' (Спас на Болвановке), is an Orthodox church in Zamos ...
. Administratively, Zamoskvorechye and Yakimanka were separated in 1782, when
Catherine II
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anha ...
divided territory of Moscow into 20 police districts.
In 1783, Moscow was hit by a disastrous flood. As a consequence, the city cleared the old river bed, building a canal that separated Sadovniki from the mainland (see
Vodootvodny Canal
Vodootvodny Canal (russian: Водоотводный канал, "water bypass canal") is a 4 kilometre long, 30-60 metre wide canal in downtown Moscow, Russia. It was built in the 1780s on the old riverbed of the Moskva River to control floods a ...
for details and maps of the 1780s canal). Large areas east of Tatarskaya streets were flooded with an intention of building a river harbour and a fortified
grain port on the eastern tip of the new
island
An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...
. These plans did not materialize; flooded lands were reclaimed in the 1820s, and were used as pastures and gardens. Sadovniki fort was built on a different site, closer to city center, as the
New Kriegskomissariat
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
(1778–1780), a
neoclassical castle housing military offices and depots. Since that time, military has continuous presence in Sadovniki East.
19th century
Construction of
Babiegorodskaya Dam and clearing of
Vodootvodny Canal
Vodootvodny Canal (russian: Водоотводный канал, "water bypass canal") is a 4 kilometre long, 30-60 metre wide canal in downtown Moscow, Russia. It was built in the 1780s on the old riverbed of the Moskva River to control floods a ...
in the 1830s reduced the flood hazard, but the land remained cheap. This led to steady industrialization of Zamoskvorechye, starting with small home-based factories continuing the old sloboda traditions. Soon after
Emancipation reform of 1861
The emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Edict of Emancipation of Russia, (russian: Крестьянская реформа 1861 года, translit=Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first ...
, vacant lots in Sadovniki and Tatarskaya Streets became an industrialized, working-class area. These factories, from textile to turbine blades, were recently torn down or rebuilt into office space
Sparkling Wine Bottlery in
Sadovnicheskaya Street
Sadovnicheskaya street (russian: Садо́вническая у́лица, lit. ''Gardener's Street'') is a street in the historical Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow, Russia, on a narrow island between Moskva River and the parallel old river be ...
, still operates). Construction of
Pererva and
Kolomna
Kolomna ( rus, Колóмна, p=kɐˈlomnə) is a historical types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated at the confluence of the Moskva River, Moskva and Oka Rivers, (by rail) southeast of Moscow. Populati ...
dams in 1874-1877 attempted to improve shipping, however, at this time river shipping already lost competition to railroads and never picked up.
In 1857, English brothers Theodore and Edward Bromley set up a mechanical plant south from the Garden Ring, producing small hand tools. Bromley business rapidly expanded, and by 1917 controlled numerous metallurgical and mechanical plants around Paveletsky railroad, having a monopoly in plumbing supplies and railroad tooling. Another well-known business still has its headquarters on the corner of Pyatnitskaya and canal:
Smirnoff
Smirnoff (; ) is a brand of vodka owned and produced by the British company Diageo. The Smirnoff brand began with a vodka distillery founded in Moscow by Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (1831–1898). It is distributed in 130 countries. Smirnoff produ ...
distillery, established on this site in 1862.
Moscow's first electrical powerplant was built in 1886 in
Tverskoy District
Tverskoy District ( rus, Тверско́й райо́н, p=tvʲɪrˈskoj, a=Ru-Тверской.ogg) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population:
The district extends from Kitai-gorod north ...
; the oldest extant powerplant, MOGES-1 (1896) still operates in Sadovniki. Railroad came to Zamoskvorechye in 1900 with the completion of
Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Paveletsky station (russian: Павелецкий вокзал) is one of Moscow's nine main railway stations. Originally called Saratovsky Railway Station, it was named after the settlement of Pavelets, when the railroad heading south-east from M ...
(then Ryazan-Ural Railroad Terminal or Saratov terminal), causing rapid industrial construction south of Garden Ring. The builders planned to extend this mainline railroad north by the canal, terminating in Boloto square across Kremlin; this did not materialize.
Modern history
In 1922,
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
administration closed and looted 22 churches in Zamoskvorechye and Yakimanka; more destruction followed, leaving only one operational church in each district. 17 religious buildings survived to date, including a church of Novozybkov
Bespopovtsy
Bespopovtsy ( rus, беспоповцы, p=bʲɪspɐˈpoft͡sɨ, "priestless ones") are Priestless Old Believers that reject Nikonite priests. They are one of the two major strains of Old Believers.
Priestless Old Believers may have evolved into ...
(an
Old Believers
Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow bet ...
denomination) and the Historical Mosque (est. 1823
www.tatarmoscow.ru.
[Number does not include "house churches" (institutional chapels) and newly built chapels. Two churches on one property, as in Vishnyakovsky Lane, 15, are counted as one] Housing construction in the 1920s proceeded slowly, with some examples surviving (a big
constructivist block by
Bolshoy Ustinsky Bridge
Bolshoy Ustinsky Bridge (russian: Большой Устьинский мост) is a steel arch bridge that spans Moskva River near the mouth of Yauza River, connecting the Boulevard Ring with Zamoskvorechye district in Moscow, Russia. It was com ...
was razed in the 1990s, citing imminent hazards, the lot is still vacant).
1935 Master Plan of Moscow called for completing
Boulevard Ring
The Boulevard Ring (russian: Бульва́рное кольцо́; transliteration: ''Bulvarnoye Koltso'') is Moscow's second innermost ring road (the first is formed by the Central Squares of Moscow running along the former walls of Kitai-gorod ...
through Zamoskvorechye, which was not done. However, a thin line of
stalinist
Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory o ...
buildings, starting from
Komissariatsky Bridge, indicates the path of this failed project. More Stalinist buildings were built on the perimeter of Zamoskvorechye (Garden Ring and embankments). Flood hazard was eradicated with the construction of 1932-1938
Moscow Canal
The Moscow Canal (russian: Кана́л и́мени Москвы́), named the Moskva–Volga Canal until 1947, is a canal in Russia that connects the Moskva River with the Volga River. It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow ...
. River banks that used to change every season were firmly set in granite; downtown
bridges
A bridge is a structure built to Span (engineering), span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, whic ...
were rebuilt to 6-8 lane capacity.
In 1941, residents of Zamoskvorechye formed the Twelfth Militia Division of Kirovsky District (). Later renamed the 139th Rifle Division, this unit fought at
Yelnya Offensive and at
Mozhaisk Defense Line. Few survived.
Zamoskvorechye was dramatically altered in the 1960s-1970s by inserting standardized concrete buildings in the middle of historical century area, especially in Novokuznetskaya Street. One of these
plattenbau
(plural: , german: Platte + Bau, lit=panel/slab' + 'building/ construction) is a building constructed of large, prefabrication, prefabricated concrete slabs. The word is a compound of (in this context: panel) and (building). Such buildings ...
projects starred as the site of 1973 film ''
Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future''. Destruction continues in the 1990s-2000s, with
façadist insertion of highrise office blocks behind "restored" two-story façades. Meanwhile, permanent population decreases as the city condemns historical buildings for office redevelopment and evicts residents. An example is the large 1900s block at Sadovnicheskaya, 80, evicted in 2003, which is now part of a modern business park.
Recent publications in the Moscow Development plan for the District has called for a restoration and modernisation of many of the older buildings which is gradually happening from the Garden Ring toward the Kremlin.
Notable buildings, cultural and educational facilities
Museums
*
Bakhrushin Museum
A. A. Bakhrushin State Central Theatre Museum (abbreviated as SCTM. A. A. Bakhrushin, the Bakhrushin Museum, the former Literary-Theatrical Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences russian: Государственный Центральный ...
of theater (built in 1896), corner of Bakhrushina Street and Garden Ring)
*
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
memorial train at
Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Paveletsky station (russian: Павелецкий вокзал) is one of Moscow's nine main railway stations. Originally called Saratovsky Railway Station, it was named after the settlement of Pavelets, when the railroad heading south-east from M ...
*
Tretyakov Gallery
The State Tretyakov Gallery (russian: Государственная Третьяковская Галерея, ''Gosudarstvennaya Tretyâkovskaya Galereya''; abbreviated ГТГ, ''GTG'') is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, which is considered th ...
and all its affiliate halls are actually located in
Yakimanka District
Yakimanka District (russian: райо́н Якима́нка) is a administrative divisions of Moscow, district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal cities of Russia, federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population:
It is named after the ...
, two blocks west from the boundary between two districts
Churches
*Church of Beheading of
John the Baptist
John the Baptist or , , or , ;Wetterau, Bruce. ''World history''. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 1994. syc, ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ ܡܲܥܡܕ݂ܵܢܵܐ, Yoḥanān Maʿmḏānā; he, יוחנן המטביל, Yohanān HaMatbil; la, Ioannes Bapti ...
(18th century), Pyatnitskaya,
*Church of St. George in Yendova (1653),
Sadovnicheskaya Street
Sadovnicheskaya street (russian: Садо́вническая у́лица, lit. ''Gardener's Street'') is a street in the historical Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow, Russia, on a narrow island between Moskva River and the parallel old river be ...
,
*Church of Resurrection behind
Serpukhov Gates (1762), Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 2
*Church of Iberian
Theotokos
''Theotokos'' (Greek: ) is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations are ''Dei Genitrix'' or ''Deipara'' (approximately "parent (fem.) of God"). Familiar English translations are " ...
in Vspolye (1791–1802), Bolshaya Ordynka, 3
*Church of Icon of Theotokos the Mother of the Dead, Zatsepa, 41
*Church of Icon of Theotokos the Mother of Joy in Sorrow, Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 31-4
*Church of
Intercession
Intercession or intercessory prayer is the act of praying to a deity on behalf of others, or Intercession of saints, asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others.
The Apostle Paul's exhortation to Saint Timothy, Timothy sp ...
of Theotokos, Novokuznetskayam 38-1, of
Old Believers
Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow bet ...
Russian Old-Orthodox Church
The Russian Old Orthodox Church (russian: Русская Древлеправославная Церковь) is an Eastern Orthodox Church of the Old Believers tradition, born of a schism within the Russian Orthodox Church (''raskol'') during t ...
*Church of life-giving
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God the F ...
in Vishnyaki (1824–1826, architect:
Afanasy Grigoriev
Afanasy Grigorievich Grigoriev (russian: Афанасий Григорьевич Григорьев) (21 January 1782 – 13 May 1868) was a Russian Neoclassical architect, who worked in Moscow and its suburbs. Grigoriev is remembered for his r ...
), Pyatnitskaya, 5
*Church of
Michael (archangel), Archangel Michael in Ovchinniki, Sredny Ovchinnikovsky,
*
St. Clement's Church in Moscow, Church of Saint Clement, Pope of Rome, Pyatnitskaya, 26/7
*Church of Saints Mikhail and Fyodor, Martyrs of Chernigov (1675), Chernigovsky, 3. Named for two martyrs slain when they would not renounce their Christian faith
*Church of Saint Martyrs Frol and Lavr in Zatsepa (1778), Dubininskaya, 9/
*Church of
Saint Nicholas
Saint Nicholas of Myra, ; la, Sanctus Nicolaus (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greeks, Greek descent from the maritime city of Myra in Asia Minor (; modern-da ...
in Zayaitskoye (1741–1759, attributed to architect
Ivan Michurin, Second Raushsky, 1-
*Church of Saint Nicholas in Kuznetskaya and Church of
Vladimir I of Kiev, Saint Vladimir, Vishnyakovsky, 1
*Church of Saint Nicholas in Pyzhi, Bolshaya Ordynka, 2
*
Church of the Savior on Bolvany, Church of Transfiguration of Savior in Bolvanovka (1755, disputed), Second Novokuznetsky, 10
Theaters
*
Moscow International House of Music
The Moscow International Performing Arts Centre was officially opened on September 28, 2003 with the debut of a new orchestra, the National Philharmonic of Russia under musical director Vladimir Spivakov. Also known as the Moscow International ...
in Red Hills
*
Maly Theater, second stage (built in 1915 as ''Struisky Theater''), Bolshaya Ordynka, 69
*''Teatr Luny'' (), Malaya Ordynka, 31
Listed memorial buildings
*18th - early 19th century buildings in Pyatnitskaya Street (Nn. 18, 19, 31, 44, 46, 67 etc.)
*18th - early 19th century buildings in Bolshaya Ordynka Street (Nn. 21, 41, 45 etc.)
*19th century housing and military institutions in
Sadovnicheskaya Street
Sadovnicheskaya street (russian: Садо́вническая у́лица, lit. ''Gardener's Street'') is a street in the historical Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow, Russia, on a narrow island between Moskva River and the parallel old river be ...
(Nn. 57, 59 etc.)
*19th century buildings in Novokuznetskaya Street (Nn. 28, 29, 31 etc.)
*
New Kriegskomissariat
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
, Kosmodamianskaya, 24-26 and adjacent historical buildings (Nn. 28)
*
School 518
School 518 is a high school in the historical Balchug area of Moscow, Russia. Designed by Ivan Zvezdin and completed in 1935, it is the only listed postconstructivist memorial building in the city. It was reconstructed between 1999 and 2003 to m ...
(1935), the only listed
postconstructivism
Postconstructivism was a transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II. The term ''postconstructivism'' was coined by Selim Khan-Magomedov, a historian ...
memorial building
Public transportation access
Moscow Metro
The Moscow Metro) is a metro system serving the Russian capital of Moscow as well as the neighbouring cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki in Moscow Oblast. Opened in 1935 with one line and 13 stations, it was the first unde ...
:
*
Novokuznetskaya,
Tretyakovskaya - north and center
*
Dobryninskaya
Dobryninskaya (russian: Добры́нинская) is a station on the Koltsevaya Line of the Moscow Metro. Opened on 1 January 1950 it was part of the first segment of the fourth stage of the system. It was originally named Serpukhovskaya (r ...
,
Serpukhovskaya - south-west
*
Paveletskaya-Radialnaya
Paveletskaya (russian: Павелецкая) is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line, located in the Zamoskvorechye District, Central Administrative Okrug. The station has entrances to the Paveletsky rail terminal and the Garden rin ...
,
Paveletskaya-Koltsevaya - south-east
*
Tulskaya - southern extremity
References
External links
www.zmsk.ru Official website of Zamoskvorechye District*
ttps://www.moscovery.com/zamoskvorechye-district/ Zamoskvorechye is a vast and exceptionally interesting district south of the Kremlinn English
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
{{Use mdy dates, date=April 2013
Tourist attractions in Moscow
Central Administrative Okrug
Tatar culture