![Yoita Jin'ya Mon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Yoita_Jin%27ya_Mon.jpg)
was a ''
fudai''
feudal domain
A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
under the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
of
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characteriz ...
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
. It was located in
Echigo Province
was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Echigo''" in . It corresponds today to Niigata ...
,
Honshū
, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...
. The domain was centered at
Yoita Jin'ya, located in what is now part of the city of
Nagaoka in
Niigata Prefecture
is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 (1 July 2019) and is the List of Japanese prefectures by area, fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area ...
.
History
Yoita Domain began as a 10,000 ''koku'' holding created in 1634 for Makino Yasunari (1617–1658), a younger son of
Makino Tadanari, 1st ''daimyō'' of
Nagaoka Domain
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Nagaoka Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture. ...
. The site of Yoita Jin'ya was the former residence of
Uesugi Kagekatsu
was a Japanese samurai ''daimyō'' during the Sengoku and Edo periods. He was the adopted son of Uesugi Kenshin and Uesugi Kagetora’s brother in law.
Early life and rise
Kagekatsu was the son of Nagao Masakage, the head of the Ueda Nagao c ...
's senior retainer.
Naoe Kanetsugu
was a Japanese samurai of the 16th–17th centuries. The eldest son of Higuchi Kanetoyo, Kanetsugu was famed for his service to two generations of the Uesugi ''daimyōs''. He was also known by his court title, Yamashiro no Kami (山城守) or ...
. The Makino ruled for three generations, and were transferred to
Komoro Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Shinano Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Komoro Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Komoro in Nagano Prefecture.[Shinano Province
or is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture.
Shinano bordered on Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital was located near modern-day Matsumoto, whi ...]
in 1689. The territory reverted for a brief period to ''
tenryō
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
'' status from 1689-1705.
In 1705,
Ii Naotomo, ''daimyō'' of
Kakegawa Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The domain was centered at Kakegawa Castle in Tōtōmi Province, in what is now the city of Kakegawa, Shizuoka. refused to participate in the mandatory ''
sankin-kōtai
''Sankin-kōtai'' ( ja, 参覲交代/参覲交替, now commonly written as ja, 参勤交代/参勤交替, lit=alternate attendance, label=none) was a policy of the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo period of Japanese history.Jansen, M ...
'' to
Edo, and was relieved of his office by the shogunate due to mental illness. Normally, this would have been cause for
attainder
In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditar ...
, but the shogunate took into account the role of the
Ii clan
is a Japanese clan which originates in Tōtōmi Province. It was a retainer clan of the Imagawa family, and then switched sides to the Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province at the reign of Ii Naotora. A famed 16th-century clan member, Ii Naomasa, ...
in the early days of the shogunate, and allowed his adopted son,
Ii Naonori
was the 16th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Hikone Domain in Bakumatsu period Japan and was the 35th hereditary chieftain of the Ii clan.
Before the Meiji Restoration, his courtesy title was ''Kamon-no-kami'', and his Court rank was Junior Fourt ...
to inherit, albeit with a reduction in ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'' from 35,000 to 20,000 ''koku''. The following year Naonori was transferred from Kakegawa to Yoita, which lacked the status of a "castle-holding domain".
This cadet branch of the Ii clan continued to rule Yoita until the
Meiji restoration
The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ...
.
During the
Boshin War
The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a clique seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperi ...
, the domain initially sided with the imperial side, but as it was a small domain wedged in between the powerful domains of
Nagaoka and
Aizu
is the westernmost of the three regions of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, the other two regions being Nakadōri in the central area of the prefecture and Hamadōri in the east. As of October 1, 2010, it had a population of 291,838. The princip ...
, both of whom were strongly pro-Tokugawa, Yoita was strongly pressured towards an alliance with Nagaoka.
Ii Naoyasu refused, and pledged fealty to the
imperial side at
Takada. The domain was ordered to supply 10,000 ''
ryō
The was a gold currency unit in the shakkanhō system in pre- Meiji Japan. It was eventually replaced with a system based on the ''yen''.
Origins
The ''ryō'' was originally a unit of weight from China, the ''tael.'' It came into use in Japan ...
'' of gold and 500 bales of rice to support the imperial armies, but was able to raise only 7000 ''ryō''. Yoita resisted sending its own forces to fight in the Boshin War until the battle against
Shōnai Domain
was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Yamagata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Tsuruoka Castle in what is now the city of Tsuruoka in Yamagata Prefecture, and was thus also known as the . It was gov ...
, at which time it contributed 166 troops out of a samurai population of 253. In July 1871, with the
abolition of the han system
The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...
, Yoita Domain briefly became Yoita Prefecture, which was merged with Kashiwazaki Prefecture a few months later, and then merged into the newly created
Niigata Prefecture
is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 (1 July 2019) and is the List of Japanese prefectures by area, fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area ...
. Under the new
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
, Ii Naoyasu was given the ''
kazoku
The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. They succeeded the feudal lords () and court nobles (), but were abolished with the 1947 constitution.
Kazoku ( 華族) should not be confused with ' ...
'' peerage title of ''shishaku'' (
viscount
A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status.
In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial ...
), and later served as a member of the
House of Peers.
Bakumatsu period holdings
As with most domains in the
han system
( ja, 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 283. or (daimyo domain) s ...
, Yoita Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'', based on periodic
cadastral
A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref>
Often it is represented graphically in a cad ...
surveys and projected agricultural yields.
[Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)]
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18
*
Echigo Province
was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Echigo''" in . It corresponds today to Niigata ...
**13 villages in
Kariwa District
**33 villages in
Santō District
**25 villages in
Kanbara District
List of daimyō
*
Ii Naonori
was the 3rd Ii ''daimyō'' of
Kakegawa Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The domain was centered at Kakegawa Castle in Tōtōmi Province, in what is now the city of Kakegawa, Shizuoka. , and the 1st Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Masazumi was the fourth son of
Ii Naooki of
Hikone Domain
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in eastern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Hikone Castle, located in what is now the city of H ...
, and the adopted heir of
Ii Naotomo. He became ''daimyō'' in 1705 when his adopted father was relieved of his position by the Tokugawa shogunate due to mental illness and his refusal to go on the ''
sankin kōtai'' to
Edo. The domain was punished by a reduction in ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'' from 35,000 to 20,000 ''koku''. The following year, Naonori was transferred from Kakegawa to Yoita in Echigo Province, which had an equal ''kokudaka'', but did not have the prestige of a castle. In 1715, he was ordered to serve as ''
bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials during the feudal period of Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official' ...
'' presiding over the 100th anniversary of
Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow ...
's death at the
Nikkō Tōshō-gū
is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the n ...
. In retired in 1731, and died at the domain's Edo residence in 1742. His wife was a daughter of
Abe Masakuni of
Fukuyama Domain
was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Bingo Province and Bitchū Province in modern-day Hiroshima Prefecture.">DF_39-40_of_80">"Mizuno"_at_''Nobiliare_du_Japon'',_pp._35–36_[PDF_39-40_of_80/nowiki>_retrieved_2013-4 ...
.
Ii Naoharu
was the 2nd Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoharu was the eldest son of Ii Naonori and became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1731. He died less than 8 months later, at the age of 14, and only three days after he adopted Ii Naokazu as his heir.
Ii Naokazu
was the 3rd Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naokazu was the eldest son of Kimata Moriyoshi, the ''karō'' of
Hikone Domain
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in eastern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Hikone Castle, located in what is now the city of H ...
. He was adopted as heir to Ii Naoharu in 1732 and became ''daimyō'' only three days later. His wife was a daughter of
Tachibana Yasunaga of
Miike Domain
was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Chikugo Province in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.
In the han system, Miike was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys ...
. He died in Edo in 1735 without a natural heir.
Ii Naoari
was the 4th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoari was the fourth son of
Matsudaira Tadamasa
was an early to mid-Edo period Japanese samurai, and ''daimyō''. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)"Matsudaira" at ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 30 retrieved 2013-4-9.
...
, the ''daimyō'' of
Kuwana Domain
250px, Reconstructed portion of Kuwana Castle
was a Japanese feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Ise Province. It was centered on Kuwana Castle in what is now the city of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture. It was contr ...
. He was adopted as heir to Ii Naokazu in 1735 and became ''daimyō'' only three days later. During his career, he served as ''
bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials during the feudal period of Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official' ...
'' presiding over the Shogunal pilgrimage to
Nikkō Tōshō-gū
is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the n ...
and to one of the
Joseon missions to Japan
Joseon missions to Japan represent a crucial aspect of the international relations of mutual Joseon-Japanese contacts and communication. In sum, these serial diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's '' kyorin'' (neighborly rela ...
. In 1756, the domain's Edo residence burned down. He died in Edo in 1760.
Ii Naokuni
was the 5th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naokuni was the second son of Ii Naoari and was born in Edo. In March 1750, he contracted
smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) c ...
, but recovered and outlived his father by a year. He died in Edo in 1761 at the age of 18.
Ii Naoakira
was the 6th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoakira was the third son of Ii Naoari and was born in Edo. In 1761, he was adopted as heir to Naokuni, who died the following day. His wife was a younger daughter of
Tanuma Okitsugu
(September 11, 1719, in Edo, Japan – August 25, 1788, in Edo) was a chamberlain (''sobashū'') and a senior counselor (''rōjū'') to the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieharu of the Tokugawa Shogunate, in the Edo period of Japan. Tanuma and his s ...
of
Sagara Domain
was a Japanese feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period, located in Tōtōmi Province. The domain was centered in what is now the Sagara district of Makinohara city, Shizuoka Prefecture. . During his career, he served as ''Osaka kaban'' and ''
Sōshaban
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Conventional interpretations have construed this Japanese title as "master of ceremonies"
Created in 1632, this '' bakufu'' title identified an official selected from the ranks of the ...
'', and in 1781 was appointed a ''
wakadoshiyori
The ', or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six ''wakadoshiyori'' we ...
''. In 1804, the domain's status was elevated to that of a "castle-holding domain". His younger son was adopted by
Matsudaira Tadatomo of Kuwana Domain and subsequently became ''daimyō'' of Kuwana. He died in 1820 in Edo and was succeeded by his grandson.
Ii Naoteru
was the 7th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoteru was born in Edo as the eldest son of Ii Naohiro, the eldest son of Naoakira. As his father died in 1792, he was named heir, and became ''daimyō'' on his grandfather's death in 1820. His wife was an adopted daughter of
Ii Naonaka of Hikone Domain. He rebuilt Yoita ''jin'ya'' to more resemble a castle, in line with the improved prestige of the domain. He died in 1826 at the age of 36.
Ii Naotsune
was the 8th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naotsune was born in Edo as the seventh son of Naoakira. He was adopted as Noteru's posthumous heir and became ''daimyō'' in 1826. His wife was a daughter of
Matsudaira Nobuyuki of
Tamba-Kameyama Domain. He was remembered as a good ruler, rebuilding the domain after damage caused by the 1828 Sanjō earthquake and reconstructing many Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. He died in Edo in 1856 at the age of 58.
Ii Naoatsu
was the 9th Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoatsu was born in Yoita as the eldest son of Naotsune. He became ''daimyō'' on his father's death in 1856. He was noted for the creation of a
han school
The was an educational institution in the Edo period of Japan, originally established to educate children of ''daimyō'' (feudal lords) and their retainers in the domains outside of the capital. These institutions were also known as ''hangaku' ...
in 1860. He died in Edo in 1862 at the age of 25.
Ii Naoyasu
was the 10th (and final) Ii ''daimyō'' of Yoita. Naoyasu was born in Edo as the fourth son of
Ii Naosuke
was ''daimyō'' of Hikone (1850–1860) and also Tairō of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan, a position he held from April 23, 1858, until his death, assassinated in the Sakuradamon Incident on March 24, 1860. He is most famous for signing the Ha ...
of Hikone Domain. He was adopted as posthumous heir to Ii Naoatsu, but did not officially become recognised as ''daimyō'' until 1864, two year's after Naoatsu's death. In 1868, he declared Yiota for the side of the imperial cause in the
Boshin War
The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a clique seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperi ...
, and was appointed imperial governor of Yoita by the
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
in 1868. In 1871, with the
abolition of the han system
The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...
, he moved to Tokyo. In 1872, he enrolled in
Keio Gijuku, the forerunner to
Keio University
, mottoeng = The pen is mightier than the sword
, type = Private research coeducational higher education institution
, established = 1858
, founder = Yukichi Fukuzawa
, endowmen ...
, and travelled to the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
with his brother,
Ii Naonori
was the 16th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Hikone Domain in Bakumatsu period Japan and was the 35th hereditary chieftain of the Ii clan.
Before the Meiji Restoration, his courtesy title was ''Kamon-no-kami'', and his Court rank was Junior Fourt ...
. In 1884, he became a
viscount
A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status.
In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial ...
(''shishaku'') in the ''
kazoku
The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. They succeeded the feudal lords () and court nobles (), but were abolished with the 1947 constitution.
Kazoku ( 華族) should not be confused with ' ...
'' peerage system. He served in the
House of Peers from January 1896 to December 1920. In 1922, his court rank was elevated to Second Rank, and retired the same year. He died in 1935 and his grave is with the Hikone-Ii graves at the temple of Gotoku-ji in
Setagaya
is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is also the name of a neighborhood and administrative district within the ward. The ward calls itself Setagaya City in English. Its official bird is the azure-winged magpie, its flower is the fringed orch ...
, Tokyo. Naoyasu was also a noted painter in both the western and ''
nihonga
''Nihonga'' (, "Japanese-style paintings") are Japanese paintings from about 1900 onwards that have been made in accordance with traditional Japanese artistic conventions, techniques and materials. While based on traditions over a thousand years ...
'' styles.
See also
List of Han
Notes
References
*''The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.''
*
External links
Yoita Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"
{{Authority control
Domains of Japan
History of Niigata Prefecture
Echigo Province
Hokuriku region
Ii clan
Makino clan