Yeniseysk Governorate (russian: Енисе́йская губе́рния)
was a governorate (''
guberniya'') of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
and later of the
Russian Republic
The Russian Republic,. referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. in the 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state which controlled, ''de jure'', the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Rus ...
,
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
in 1822-1925.
General information
The Governorate was established on January 26 (
February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
*1301 &nda ...
), 1822 when the territory of
Siberia General Governorate was divided into two
governorates general
A governorate, gubernia, province, or government ( rus, губе́рния, p=ɡʊˈbʲɛrnʲɪjə, also romanized ; uk, губернія, huberniia), was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire. After the empi ...
:
West-Siberian and
East-Siberian according to the decree of
Alexander I Alexander I may refer to:
* Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC
* Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of A ...
"On the division of Siberia into two general governments" of the administrative reform under the project of
Mikhail Speransky
Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (russian: Михаи́л Миха́йлович Спера́нский; 12 January 1772 – 23 February 1839) was a Russian reformist during the reign of Alexander I of Russia, to whom he was a close advisor. ...
.
On July 22 (
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
), 1822, the Yeniseysk Governorate with the administrative center of
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
was separated from the
Tomsk Governorate
Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
to became a part of East-Siberian Governorate General.
The Yeniseysk Governorate were located in the western part of Eastern Siberia between 52° 20' and 77° 33' north latitude and 95° and 128° east longitude.
It stretched from the southern to the northern limits of the Russian Empire. The area looked like an irregular polygon, elongated in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The greatest length of the Yeniseysk Governorate from
China to the extreme northern tip of
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...
(a cape in the east of the
Taymyr Peninsula
The Taymyr Peninsula (russian: Таймырский полуостров, Taymyrsky poluostrov) is a peninsula in the Far North of Russia, in the Siberian Federal District, that forms the northernmost part of the mainland of Eurasia. Administrat ...
) is 2800
verst
A verst (russian: верста, ) is an obsolete Russian unit of length defined as 500 sazhen. This makes a verst equal to .
Plurals and variants
In the English language, ''verst'' is singular with the normal plural ''versts''. In Russian, the no ...
, the greatest width from west to east is up to 1300
verst
A verst (russian: верста, ) is an obsolete Russian unit of length defined as 500 sazhen. This makes a verst equal to .
Plurals and variants
In the English language, ''verst'' is singular with the normal plural ''versts''. In Russian, the no ...
. In the north, the Yeniseysk Governorate was bounded by the
Northern Ocean, In the northeast by the
Vilyuysk
Vilyuysk ( rus, Вилюйск, p=vʲɪˈlʲʉjsk; sah, Бүлүү, ''Bülüü'') is a town and the administrative center of Vilyuysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Vilyuy River (left tributary of the Lena), about fro ...
okrug of the
Yakutsk Oblast
Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Ea ...
, in the east and southeast by the Kirensky Uyezd and Nizhneudinsky Uyezd of the
Irkutsk Governorate; in south by
China. In the west, Yeniseysk Governorate bordered on
West Siberian General Governorate. In the southwest and west with the
Kuznetskiy Okrug,
Marinsky Uezd and Narymsky of the Tomsk Governorate, from the northwest with the
Beryozovsky Uezd of the
Tobolsk Governorate
Tobolsk Governorate (russian: Тобольская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and RSFSR located in the Ural Mountains and Siberia. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its ...
.
The area of the Yeniseysk Governorate was 2,211,589 square
verst
A verst (russian: верста, ) is an obsolete Russian unit of length defined as 500 sazhen. This makes a verst equal to .
Plurals and variants
In the English language, ''verst'' is singular with the normal plural ''versts''. In Russian, the no ...
(the second largest province, after the
Yakutsk Oblast
Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Ea ...
).
Coat of arms of the Yeniseysk Governorate
![Енисейская губ МВД Бенке](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg)
“In a scarlet shield, a golden lion with azure eyes and tongue, and black claws, holding the same sickle in its right paw. The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew's ribbon.
The coat of arms of the Yenisei Governorate was approved on July 5, 1878 by the All-Russian Emperor
Alexander II. In 1886, decorations were removed from the city shields by the armorial department under the Department of Heraldry.
The lion symbolized strength and courage, and the sickle and shovel reflected the main occupation of the inhabitants - agriculture and mining, primarily
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile me ...
.
History
XVII century
Until 1629, the territory of the modern
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai ( rus, Красноя́рский край, r=Krasnoyarskiy kray, p=krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Si ...
was part of a vast region with the center in the city of
Tobolsk
Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, an ...
. Later, the
ostrog (fortress)
Ostrog ( rus, острог, p=ɐˈstrok) is a Russian term for a small fort, typically wooden and often non-permanently staffed. Ostrogs were encircled by 4–6 metres high palisade walls made from sharpened trunks. The name derives from the Russ ...
of
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
,
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
and
Kansk
Kansk (russian: Канск) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on both banks of the Kan River. Population:
History and economy
Founded in 1628 as a Russian fort, it was transferred to its current location in 1636 and granted town st ...
with adjacent lands were assigned to the
Tomsk
Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population:
Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a n ...
razryad.
In 1676, the
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
ostrog received the status of a city, under which all the settlements along the
Yenisei river
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
and the right-bank territories stretching to
Transbaikal
Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia ( rus, Забайка́лье, r=Zabaykalye, p=zəbɐjˈkalʲjɪ), or Dauria (, ''Dauriya'') is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Far Eastern Russia.
The steppe and ...
were transferred.
XVIII century
Peter I Peter I may refer to:
Religious hierarchs
* Saint Peter (c. 1 AD – c. 64–88 AD), a.k.a. Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon, apostle of Jesus
* Pope Peter I of Alexandria (died 311), revered as a saint
* Peter I of Armenia (died 1058), Catholico ...
in 1708 carried out territorial and
administrative transformations to streamline
the administration of the state. The main administrative unit of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
was the Governorate, which included provinces, divided into
uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
s. According to the Decree of December 18, 1708, the entire territory of the Russian Empire was divided into eight provinces.
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
and part of the Urals became part of the
Siberia Governorate
Siberia Governorate (russian: Сибирская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1782. Its seat was in Tobolsk (initially sp ...
with the center in the city of
Tobolsk
Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, an ...
.
Due to the long distances, the lack of means of communication, the administration of the territories of the
Siberia Governorate
Siberia Governorate (russian: Сибирская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1782. Its seat was in Tobolsk (initially sp ...
was extremely difficult. There was a need for territorial transformations. In 1719, three provinces were established as part of the
Siberia Governorate
Siberia Governorate (russian: Сибирская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1782. Its seat was in Tobolsk (initially sp ...
: Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk, and five years later two more -
Irkutsk Governorate and Yeniseisk Governorate with a center in the city of
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
. The Yeniseisk Governorate included the following uezds (listed as towns):
Mangazeya
Mangazeya (russian: Мангазе́я) was a Northwest Siberian trans- Ural trade colony and later city in the 17th century. Founded in 1600 by Cossacks from Tobolsk, it was situated on the Taz River, between the lower courses of the Ob and Ye ...
,
Yeniseysk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenise ...
,
Krasny Yar,
Tomsk
Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population:
Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a n ...
oy,
Kuznetskoy,
Narym
Narym (russian: Нарым, Selkup for ''marsh'') is a village ('' selo'') in Parabelsky District of Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Ob River near its confluence with the Ket River, from the village of Parabel. The village i ...
and Ketsk.
In 1764, by decree of
Catherine II
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anha ...
, the territory of
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
was subjected to another administrative-territorial reform: a second Governorate was established -
Irkutsk Governorate, which included the Yeniseisk Governorate. Two decades later, the Yeniseisk Governorate was liquidated, its uezds were included in three Governorate: Tobolsk (
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
and
Achinsk
Achinsk (russian: А́чинск) is a city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Chulym River near its intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway, west of Krasnoyarsk. It has a population of 109,155 as of the 2010 C ...
), Irkutsk and Kolyvan (
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
).
In 1797, all the territories of the
Yenisei River
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
basin were assigned to the
Tobolsk Governorate
Tobolsk Governorate (russian: Тобольская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and RSFSR located in the Ural Mountains and Siberia. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its ...
(until 1804; then, until 1822, they were part of the
Tomsk Governorate
Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
).
XIX century
![Le Tour du monde-68-p231](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Le_Tour_du_monde-68-p231.jpg)
In order to centralize management in 1803, the Siberian General Governorate was created with the center in the city of
Irkutsk, which absorbed the territories of
Tobolsk Governorate
Tobolsk Governorate (russian: Тобольская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and RSFSR located in the Ural Mountains and Siberia. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its ...
,
Irkutsk Governorate and
Tomsk Governorate
Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
.
In 1822, this system of territorial subordination was abolished, and the West Siberian General Governorate (center
Tobolsk
Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, an ...
) and East Siberian General Governorate (center
Irkutsk) were created instead. The
Siberian people belonged to the
inorodtsy
In the Russian Empire, inorodtsy (russian: иноро́дцы) (singular: inorodets (russian: инородец), Literally meaning "of different descent/nation", "of foreign (alien) origin") was a special ethnicity-based category of population. In ...
class and their nomadic status was confirmed by a special system of self-government "steppe duma - foreign government - tribal government", in accordance with the "Charter on the management of foreigners".
At the same time, at the suggestion of
M. M. Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the Siberian possessions, Emperor
Alexander I Alexander I may refer to:
* Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC
* Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of A ...
signed a decree on the formation of the Yeniseysk Governorate as part of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk (with Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province.
On February 26, 1831, the Senate issued a decree "On the organization of the post office in the Yeniseysk Governorate". A provincial post office was established in
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
, postal expeditions were established in
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
and
Achinsk
Achinsk (russian: А́чинск) is a city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Chulym River near its intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway, west of Krasnoyarsk. It has a population of 109,155 as of the 2010 C ...
, and post offices were opened in
Kansk
Kansk (russian: Канск) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on both banks of the Kan River. Population:
History and economy
Founded in 1628 as a Russian fort, it was transferred to its current location in 1636 and granted town st ...
,
Minusinsk
Minusinsk (russian: Минуси́нск; kjh, Минсуғ) is a historical town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population: 44,500 (1973).
Geography
Minusinsk marks the center of the Minusinsk Hollow, one of the most important archaeologic ...
and
Turukhansk
Turukhansk (russian: Туруха́нск) is a rural locality (a '' selo'') and the administrative center of Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located north of Krasnoyarsk, at the confluence of the Yenisey and Nizhnyaya Tu ...
.
For 50 years after the creation of the Yeniseysk Governorate, minor changes took place in the administrative structure of the Russian Empire: in 1879, the
okrug
An ''okrug, ; russian: о́круг, ókrug; sr, округ, okrug, ; uk, о́круг, о́kruh; be, акруга, akruha; pl, okręg; ab, оқрҿс; mhr, йырвел, '' is a type of administrative division in some Slavic states. Th ...
(districts) were renamed
uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
(counties). The territory of the Yeniseysk Governorate did not undergo any changes and basically coincided with the borders of the modern
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai ( rus, Красноя́рский край, r=Krasnoyarskiy kray, p=krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Si ...
.
In 1886, the Usinsky border okrug (Usinsky Krai) was separated from Minusinsk Uyezd.
In 1882
Ob-Yenisei channel construction started and opened for navigation of small ships in 1891.
In 1892 Charles Vapereau made a journey from
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
to
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
through
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
published about his travel in journal with drawings and engravings from his photos.
XX century
![OLSEN(1915) Norske Sibirieskspeditions reise, 1914 - Pict 12 (14598384888)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/OLSEN%281915%29_Norske_Sibirieskspeditions_reise%2C_1914_-_Pict_12_%2814598384888%29.jpg)
Since 1913, the Yeniseysk Governorate had been part of the Irkutsk Governor General.
In the summer of 1913,
Fridtjof Nansen travelled to the
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea (russian: Ка́рское мо́ре, ''Karskoye more'') is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. ...
, by the invitation of
Jonas Lied, as part of a delegation: Vostrotin Stepan Vasilyevich (Siberian public figure, polar explorer, politician and diplomat), Iosif Grigorievich Loris-Melikov (secretary of the Russian mission in Norway), etc, investigating a possible
Northern Sea trade Route between Western Europe and the Siberian interior. The party then took the barge «Turukhansk» up the
Yenisei River
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
to
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
, and then through China along the Chinese Eastern Railway reached
Vladivostok
Vladivostok ( rus, Владивосто́к, a=Владивосток.ogg, p=vɫədʲɪvɐˈstok) is the largest city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The city is located around the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan, c ...
, on the way stopped in
Khabarovsk, where he met a famous Russian traveler, explorer of the
Ussuri region, Lieutenant Colonel
Vladimir Arseniev, from where he returned by cars, horses and at that time the unfinished northern route of the
Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR; , , ) connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the ea ...
to
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...
through
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg ( ; rus, Екатеринбург, p=jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk), alternatively romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk ( rus, Свердло́вск, , svʲɪrˈdlofsk, 1924–1991), is a city and the administra ...
, where he participated in a meeting of the
Russian Geographical Society, reporting on the voyage along the
Yenisei
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
. Nansen published a report from thу journey in book ''Through Siberia''
''.''
In 1913 the Usinsk border okrug was transformed into the Usinsk-Uriankhai Krai.
On April 17, 1914, the Russian government establishes a protectorate over
Uryankhay Krai
Uryankhai Krai; , ; mn, Урянхайн хязгаар, Urianhain hiazgaar, ; was the name of what is today Tuva and was a short-lived protectorate of the Russian Empire that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from the Uryankhay Republi ...
(conforming roughly to the territory of modern
Tuva
Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...
), which became part of the Yeniseysk Governorate.
In the summer 1914 Norwegian expedition (
Henrik Printz, botanist, Orjan Olsen, ornithologist, Anders Olsen, Fritz Jensen, zoological assistant, photographer, and Josif Ermilowitsch Gutschin assistant with archaeological and anthropological collections local Russian from
Minusinsk
Minusinsk (russian: Минуси́нск; kjh, Минсуғ) is a historical town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population: 44,500 (1973).
Geography
Minusinsk marks the center of the Minusinsk Hollow, one of the most important archaeologic ...
) was exploring southern Siberia and north-western Mongolia "the so-called Urjankai country, a tract of land about the sources of the Yenisei, as yet almost entirely unknown" "terra incognita" as it was described in resulting books "''The vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian frontiers: (the Sayansk region)''" and "''To Jenisei's sources. The Norwegian Sibirie Expedition's journey''".
![A summer on the Yenesei (1914) (1915) (14563134059)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/A_summer_on_the_Yenesei_%281914%29_%281915%29_%2814563134059%29.jpg)
In 1914, an ethnographic expedition from the museums of
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
and
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
made a trip along the
Yenisei
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
, consisting of anthropologist
Maria Czaplicka
Maria Antonina Czaplicka (25 October 1884 – 27 May 1921), also referred to as Marya Antonina Czaplicka and Marie Antoinette Czaplicka, was a Polish cultural anthropologist who is best known for her ethnography of Siberian shamanism. Czaplicka ...
, anthropologist
Henry Usher Hall
Henry Usher Hall (1876–1944) was an American anthropologist. He was Assistant Curator and Curator of the General Ethnology Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum from 1915 to 1935. He was instrumental in guiding the Museum's African c ...
, ornithologist
Maud Doria Haviland
Maud Doria Brindley née Haviland (10 February 1889 – 3 April 1941) was an English ornithologist, entomologist, explorer, lecturer, photographer and writer. She conducted studies on bugs and also examined bird biology while at Cambridge and on ...
,
Dora Curtis
Dora Curtis (1875-1920) was a British artist and a member of the 1914 expedition down the Yenisei River in Siberia to the Kara Sea led by Polish anthropologist Maria Antonina Czaplicka (1886–1921). The other expedition members were Maud Doria ...
painter, Vasily Korobeinikov. The researchers traveled overland to
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
, along the
Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR; , , ) connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the ea ...
and on the "Oryol"
steamer climbed the
Yenisei
The Yenisey (russian: Енисе́й, ''Yeniséy''; mn, Горлог мөрөн, ''Gorlog mörön''; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, ''Gorlog müren''; Tuvan: Улуг-Хем, ''Uluğ-Hem''; Khakas: Ким суғ, ''Kim suğ''; Ket: Ӄук, ...
to the mouth of the Golchikha, where they spent the summer studying the nature and beliefs of the
indigenous peoples of Siberia.
A similar administrative-territorial division persisted until the early 1920s.
Uryankhay Krai
Uryankhai Krai; , ; mn, Урянхайн хязгаар, Urianhain hiazgaar, ; was the name of what is today Tuva and was a short-lived protectorate of the Russian Empire that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from the Uryankhay Republi ...
existed until August 14, 1921, when local revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the RSFSR, decided to proclaim the national sovereignty of
Tuvan People's Republic
The Tuvan People's Republic (TPR; tyv, Тыва Арат Республик, translit=Tywa Arat Respublik; Yanalif: ''Tьʙа Arat Respuʙlik'', ),) and abbreviated TAR. known as the Tannu Tuva People's Republic until 1926, was a partially rec ...
. Apart from
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
, however, no other country recognized its independence.
Since 1923, work began on the zoning of Siberia, which marked the beginning of the administrative reorganization of the territory of the region.
Volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
s were abolished, enlarged
uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
s (districts) were created.
On November 14, 1923, parts of the Yeniseysk governorate's
Minusinsky and
Achinsky Uezds were merged with one
volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
of Kuznetskiy Uyezd of
Tomsk Governorate
Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
to form new
Khakassky Uezd. On March 19, 1924,
Siberian Revolutionary Committee
The Siberian Revolutionary Committee (Sibrevcom) (russian: Сибирский революционный комитет, Сибревком) was an extraordinary organ of the Soviet power's revolutionary committee in Siberia created during the R ...
(
Sibrevkom) approved the enlargement of the Yeniseysk governorate's
uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
s (districts).
The Usinsk okrug was formed in 1924 as part of the Yeniseisk Governorate, but already in 1925 it became part of the Minusinsk okrug of the Siberian
Krai
A krai or kray (; russian: край, , ''kraya'') is one of the types of federal subjects of modern Russia, and was a type of geographical administrative division in the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR.
Etymologically, the word is relat ...
,
On June 23, 1924, new Turukhansky Uezd was formed in the governorate. Its Yuzhnaya Volost was formed on the part of the territory of Antsiferovskaya Volost of
Yeniseysky Uezd. After that, Yeniseysky Uezd itself was abolished and its remaining territory split between
Kansky and
Krasnoyarsky Uezds. At the same time, Daurskaya Volost of
Achinsky Uezd was transferred to Krasnoyarsky Uezd.
Also in 1924, parts of Znamenskaya and Tashtypskaya Volosts of Minusinsky Uezd were transferred to
Khakassky Uezd. The former territory became a part of Charkovskaya Enlarged Volost, while the latter was merged into Tashtypskaya Enlarged Volost.
On May 25, 1925, all Governorates (including Yeniseysk Governorate) and regions in Siberia are abolished by the decree of the
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, their territories are merged into a single
Siberian Krai
Siberian Krai (russian: Сибирский край, Sibirsky Kray) was a krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Russian SFSR. It existed from 1925 to 1930. The krai's administrative center was the city of Novosibirsk.
History
S ...
, with the center in
Novosibirsk, along with the territories of
Oyrat Autonomous Oblast and
Altai,
Novo-Nikolayevsk,
Omsk, and
Tomsk Governorate
Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
s. Achinsky, Kansky, Krasnoyarsky, Minusinsky, and Khakassky Uezds of the governorate were at the same time transformed into okrugs, while Turukhansky Uezd was renamed Turukhansky Krai and transferred to
Krasnoyarsk Okrug.
Administrative division
As of its foundation, the governorate included five
okrug
An ''okrug, ; russian: о́круг, ókrug; sr, округ, okrug, ; uk, о́круг, о́kruh; be, акруга, akruha; pl, okręg; ab, оқрҿс; mhr, йырвел, '' is a type of administrative division in some Slavic states. Th ...
s (districts) from former
uezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
(counties):
*
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
;
*
Yeniseysk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenise ...
(included the territory of the abolished
Turukhansky Krai
Turukhansky District (russian: Туруха́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #10-4765 and municipalLaw #13-2925 district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the west of the krai and border ...
).
*
Achinsky (from western part of
Krasnoyarsky Uezd, south-west of the
Yenisei Uezd and north-east of
Tomsky Uezd);
*
Minusinsky (separated from the southern part of the
Krasnoyarsky Uezd);
*
Kansky (from parts of the
Krasnoyarsky Uezd,
Yenisei Uezd, Ilan
volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
and Biryusinsk
volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
of the
Nizhneudinsky Uezd of the
Irkutsk Governorate from the
Biryusa river to the
Kan river
The Kan (russian: Кан) river is a right tributary of the Yenisey in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russia. It is long and drains a basin of . Its valley forms the southern boundary of the Yenisey Range. );
The administrative-territorial division of the Yenisei province remained basically unchanged until 1924. Only the
volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
division changed.
The number of
volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe.
In earlier East Slavic history, '' volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ...
s in the province is 35. Turukhansky Krai is divided into 3 sections, the same volosts.
Since 1898, the
okrug
An ''okrug, ; russian: о́круг, ókrug; sr, округ, okrug, ; uk, о́круг, о́kruh; be, акруга, akruha; pl, okręg; ab, оқрҿс; mhr, йырвел, '' is a type of administrative division in some Slavic states. Th ...
s (districts) of the Yenisei Governorate were again called
uezd (counties).
At the end of the 19th century, the Yeniseysk Governorate included 5
uezds
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the e ...
(since 1898 - okrugs) and the Turukhansky Krai.
Population
In the 1760s-1780s, exile to Siberia became widespread. In the 1820s, the exiles constituted the second largest group of residents of
Minusinsk
Minusinsk (russian: Минуси́нск; kjh, Минсуғ) is a historical town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population: 44,500 (1973).
Geography
Minusinsk marks the center of the Minusinsk Hollow, one of the most important archaeologic ...
. In 1863, 44,994 exiles lived in the Yeniseisk Governorate, which was 1/7 of the entire population of the province.
In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the formation of the population of the Yeniseisk Governorate occurred as a result of both ongoing spontaneous and organized migration processes.
According to the results of the General Census of 1897, the Russian-speaking population, consisting of
Siberians
The Siberians, or Siberiaks, (russian: сибиряки, sibiryaki, ) are the majority inhabitants of Siberia, as well as the (sub)ethnic or ethnographic group of the Russians.
As demonym
The demonym ''Siberian'' can be restricted to either ...
- the Starozhily (
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
: старожилы,
lit. 'Old-Timers, Old-Settlers') and later
settler
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.
A settler who migrates to an area previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited may be described as a pioneer.
Settl ...
s
"Raseyskie" , prevailed, and the bulk of the
inorodtsy
In the Russian Empire, inorodtsy (russian: иноро́дцы) (singular: inorodets (russian: инородец), Literally meaning "of different descent/nation", "of foreign (alien) origin") was a special ethnicity-based category of population. In ...
population, consisting of
indigenous peoples of Siberia.
According to the 1897 census, 570.2 thousand people lived in the province, including 62.9 thousand people in cities (11.7%). The religious composition was dominated by Orthodox - 93.8%, there were also Old Believers - 2.1%, Catholics - 1.1%, Jews - 1.1%, Muslims - 0.8% Lutherans - 0.7%.
Literate - 13.7%.
The estimated population in 1906 was almost entirely Russian, the rest (about 10%) consisting of Samoyedes, Tatars, Tunguses, Yakuts, Mongols and Ostyaks
Fun facts
In the 19th century, the inhabitants of the coastal villages between
Yeniseisk
Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970).
History
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...
and
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
had the custom to call out to all ships and rafts passing by. The call was made in a singsong voice, in a drawling voice: “and who is swimming, and who is swimming, and who is swimming by name?”. Sailors had to respond and report their name or shout "good people." If they did not do this, residents immediately sailed from the shores in boats, inspected the ships, asking if there was anything “unallowed”
See also
*
Tunguska event (1908)
*
*
Nansen's Siberia expedition, 1913
References
*Архивный отдел Новосибирского облисполкома. Государственный архив Новосибирской области. "Административно-территориальное деление Сибири (август 1920 г. - июль 1930 г.), Западной Сибири (июль 1930 г. - сентябрь 1937 г.), Новосибирской области (с сентября 1937 г.) (Справочник)." Западно-Сибирское книжное издательство, Новосибирск, 1966
{{Coord, 56.0167, N, 92.8667, E, source:wikidata, display=title
Governorates of the Russian Empire
States and territories established in 1822
1925 disestablishments
1820s establishments in the Russian Empire
History of Siberia
Governorates of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1822 establishments in the Russian Empire