Yasuhito Tsuge

, was the second son of Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) and Empress Teimei (Sadako), a younger brother of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of several sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. Before and after World War II, the English-speaking prince and his wife attempted to foster good relations between Japan and the United Kingdom and enjoyed a good rapport with the British royal family. As with other Japanese imperial princes of his generation, he was an active-duty career officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. Like all members of the imperial family, he was exonerated from criminal prosecutions before the Tokyo tribunal by Douglas MacArthur.

Background and family

Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess Sadako (later Empress Teimei), the prince was originally titled ''Atsu no miya'' (Prince Atsu). He and his elder brother were separated from their parents and entrusted to the care of a respected ex-naval officer, Count Sumiyoshi Kawamura and his wife. After Kawamura died in 1904, the young princes rejoined their parents at the ''Tōgū-gosho'' (Crown Prince's residence) on the grounds of the Akasaka estate. He attended the elementary and secondary departments of the Gakushuin Peers' School along with Crown Prince Hirohito, and his younger brother, Prince Nobuhito (born in 1905). (A fourth brother, Prince Takahito, was born in 1915). Prince Chichibu enrolled in the Central Military Preparatory School in 1917 and then in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1922.

On 26 May 1922, Emperor Taishō granted his second son the title ''Chichibu no miya'' and the authorization to start a new branch of the imperial family. In 1925, the Prince went to Great Britain to study at Magdalen College, Oxford. While in Great Britain King George V decorated Prince Chichibu with the Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. Prince Chichibu had a reputation as an outdoorsman and alpinist during his stay in Europe. He returned to Japan in January 1927 following the death of Emperor Taishō, who for some time had suffered from debilitating physical and mental ill-health. Until the birth of his nephew Crown Prince Akihito in December 1933, Prince Chichibu was heir presumptive to the Chrysanthemum throne.

Marriage

On 28 September 1928, the prince married Matsudaira Setsuko (9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995), the daughter of Matsudaira Tsuneo, Japanese ambassador to the United States and later Great Britain (and later, Imperial Household Minister), and his wife, the former Nabeshima Nobuko. Although technically born a commoner, the new princess was a scion of the Matsudaira of Aizu, a cadet branch of the Tokugawa shogunate. Her paternal grandfather was Matsudaira Katamori, the last '' daimyō'' of Aizu, whose heir had been created a viscount in the new '' kazoku'' system in 1884. Prince and Princess Chichibu had no children, as Princess Chichibu's only pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.

Military career

Prince Chichibu received his commission as a second lieutenant in the infantry in October 1922 and was assigned to the First Imperial Guard Division. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1925 and became a captain in 1930 after graduation from the Army War College. He received a promotion to the rank of major and assigned to command the Thirty First Infantry Division stationed at Hirosaki, Aomori in August 1935. Prince Chichibu was a vehement ultra-right-wing militarist who increasingly influenced Japanese military policy in the prewar era.

Prince Chichibu has been implicated by some historians in the abortive 26 February Incident in 1936. How much of a role he actually played in that event remains unclear, but it was clear that he was sympathetic to the rebels and that his political sentiments were in agreement with them, i.e., replacement of the corrupt political party based government with a military dictatorship under direct control of the emperor. His sympathy to the '' Kodoha'' faction within the Imperial Japanese Army was well known at the time. After the assassination of prime minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, he had many violent arguments with his brother, Emperor Hirohito, about the suspension of the constitution and the implementation of direct imperial rule.

After the coup attempt, the prince and his wife were sent on a tour of Western Europe taking several months. They represented Japan at the May 1937 coronation of Britain's King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey and subsequently visited Sweden and the Netherlands as the guests of King Gustaf V and Queen Wilhelmina, respectively. This tour ended with the visit of Nuremberg in Germany by the prince alone. There he attended the Nuremberg rally and met Adolf Hitler, with whom he tried to boost relations. At Nuremberg Castle, Hitler launched a scathing attack against Joseph Stalin, after which the prince privately said to his aide-de-camp Masaharu Homma: "Hitler is an actor, it will be difficult to trust him". Nevertheless, he remained convinced that the future of Japan was linked to Nazi Germany and in 1938 and 1939, he had many quarrels with the Emperor about the opportunity to join a military alliance with Germany against Great Britain and the United States.

Prince Chichibu Yasuhito was subsequently appointed battalion commander of Thirty-First Infantry Regiment in August 1937, promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1938 and to colonel in August 1939. During the war, he was involved in combat operations, and was sent to Manchukuo before the Nomonhan incident and to Nanjing after the Nanjing Massacre.
On 9 February 1939, Chichibu attended a lecture on bacteriological warfare, given by Shirō Ishii, in the War Ministry Grand Conference Hall in Tokyo. He also attended vivisection demonstrations by Ishii.

In a book about Yamashita's gold, authors Peggy and Sterling Seagrave postulated that Prince Chichibu led from 1937 to 1945 what the authors called the or "Golden Lily Operation" by which members of the Imperial Household allegedly were personally involved in stealing treasures from countries invaded by Japan during World War II. Johnson, Chalmers (November 20, 2003)
"The Looting of Asia": A review of ''Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold'' by Sterling Seagrave and Peggy Seagrave Verso, 332 pages
''London Review of Books'' v. 25, no. 22
Archived
from the original on November 19, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2021. These allegations are contrary to a version told in her memoirs by Princess Chichibu (Setsuko), according to which the prince retired from active duty after being diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in June 1940, spent most of World War II convalescing at his villa in Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture, on the eastern foot of Mount Fuji and never really recovering from his illness. He was promoted to major general in March 1945.

Patronage

After World War II, Prince Chichibu was honorary head of many athletic organizations, and was nicknamed the "sporting Prince" due to his efforts to promote skiing, rugby and other sports. He was also honorary President of both the Japan–British Society and the Swedish Society of Japan. He was a supporter of Scouting in Japan and attended the Fourth International Conference in 1926.John S. Wilson (1959), Scouting Round the World. First edition, Blandford Press.

Rugby union

The prince was also instrumental in securing the development of rugby union in Japan. He was "converted" to rugby after the JRFU president, Shigeru Kayama, returned from a long sea voyage and was able to "market" the game to Prince Chichibu.Cotton, Fran (Ed.) (1984) ''The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records''. Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing.

After his death, the Tokyo Rugby Stadium in Kita-Aoyama 2-chome was renamed Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium. A statue of Prince Chichibu in rugby kit was erected there.

Death

Prince Chichibu died from tuberculosis at his Kugenuma villa in Fujisawa, Kanagawa on 4 January 1953. His remains were cremated and the ashes buried at Toshimagaoka Cemetery, Bunkyō, Tokyo, on 12 January 1953.

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

;Imperial House of Japan

# Descent prior to Keitai is unclear to modern historians, but traditionally traced back patrilineally to Emperor Jimmu
# Emperor Keitai, ca. 450–534
# Emperor Kinmei, 509–571
# Emperor Bidatsu, 538–585
# Prince Oshisaka, ca. 556–???
# Emperor Jomei, 593–641
# Emperor Tenji, 626–671
# Prince Shiki, ???–716
# Emperor Kōnin, 709–786
# Emperor Kanmu, 737–806
# Emperor Saga, 786–842
# Emperor Ninmyō, 810–850
# Emperor Kōkō, 830–867
# Emperor Uda, 867–931
# Emperor Daigo, 885–930
# Emperor Murakami, 926–967
# Emperor En'yū, 959–991
# Emperor Ichijō, 980–1011
# Emperor Go-Suzaku, 1009–1045
# Emperor Go-Sanjō, 1034–1073
# Emperor Shirakawa, 1053–1129
# Emperor Horikawa, 1079–1107
# Emperor Toba, 1103–1156
# Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 1127–1192
# Emperor Takakura, 1161–1181
# Emperor Go-Toba, 1180–1239
# Emperor Tsuchimikado, 1196–1231
# Emperor Go-Saga, 1220–1272
# Emperor Go-Fukakusa, 1243–1304
# Emperor Fushimi, 1265–1317
# Emperor Go-Fushimi, 1288–1336
# Emperor Kōgon, 1313–1364
# Emperor Sukō, 1334–1398
# Prince Yoshihito Fushimi, 1351–1416
# Prince Sadafusa Fushimi, 1372–1456
# Emperor Go-Hanazono, 1419–1471
# Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, 1442–1500
# Emperor Go-Kashiwabara, 1464–1526
# Emperor Go-Nara, 1495–1557
# Emperor Ōgimachi, 1517–1593
# Prince Masahito, 1552–1586
# Emperor Go-Yōzei, 1572–1617
# Emperor Go-Mizunoo, 1596–1680
# Emperor Reigen, 1654–1732
# Emperor Higashiyama, 1675–1710
# Prince Naohito Kanin, 1704–1753
# Prince Sukehito Kanin, 1733–1794
# Emperor Kōkaku, 1771–1840
# Emperor Ninkō, 1800–1846
# Emperor Kōmei, 1831–1867
# Emperor Meiji, 1852–1912
# Emperor Taishō, 1879–1926
# Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

Gallery

Image:Yasuhito.jpg, Prince Chichibu in his twenties, as a second lieutenant
Image:Prince and Princess Chichibu Wedding2.jpg, Prince and Princess Chichibu Wedding
Image:Prince Chichibu2.jpg, Prince Chichibu in stadium
Image:Yasuhito2.jpg , Prince Chichibu at Hirosaki
Image:Country house of chichibunomiya.jpg, Former villa of Prince Chichibu in Gotemba
Image:Prince chichibu.jpg, Statue of Prince Chichibu
Image:Founding Ceremony of the Hakko-Ichiu Monument.JPG, The '' hakkō ichiu'' monument (1940) had Prince Chichibu's calligraphy of ''Hakkō ichiu'' on its front side.

Notes

References

* Princess Chichibu. ''The Silver Drum: A Japanese Imperial Memoir.'' Global Books Ltd. (UK) (May 1996). Trans. Dorothy Britton.
* Fujitani, T. ''Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan''. University of California Press; Reprint edition (1998).
* Lebra, Sugiyama Takie. ''Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility''. University of California Press (1995).
* ''Scouting Round the World'', John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press 1959 p. 67
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External links

Their Imperial Highnesses Prince and Princess Chichibu
at the Imperial Household Agency website
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chichibu, Prince
1902 births
1953 deaths
People from Tokyo
Japanese princes
Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Japanese generals
Scouting in Japan
Tuberculosis deaths in Japan
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Deified Japanese people
Sons of emperors