The Yana ( rus, Я́на, p=ˈjanə; sah, Дьааҥы, ''Caañı'') is a river in
Sakha
Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Ea ...
in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, located between the
Lena
Lena or LENA may refer to:
Places
* Léna Department, a department of Houet Province in Burkina Faso
* Lena, Manitoba, an unincorporated community located in Killarney-Turtle Mountain municipality in Manitoba, Canada
* Lena, Norway, a village in ...
to the west and the
Indigirka to the east.
Course
It is long, and its
drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, t ...
covers .
Including its longest source river, the
Sartang, it is long.
Its annual discharge totals approximately . Most of this discharge occurs in May and June as the ice on the river breaks up. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May or early June. In the
Verkhoyansk
Verkhoyansk ( rus, Верхоянск, p=vʲɪrxɐˈjansk; sah, Верхоянскай, ''Verkhoyanskay'') is a town in Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River in the Arctic Circle, from Batagay, the ad ...
area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year.
The river begins at the
confluence
In geography, a confluence (also: ''conflux'') occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join to form a single channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main stem); o ...
of the rivers
Sartang and
Dulgalakh
The Dulgalakh ( rus, Дулгалах; sah, Дулҕалаах, ''Dulğalaax'') is a river in Yakutia, the left, western source river of the Yana. Its length is and its basin size .
Course
The Dulgalakh rises on the central Verkhoyansk Range, so ...
in the
Yana-Oymyakon Highlands
The Yana-Oymyakon Highlands ( rus, Яно-Оймяконское нагорье; sah, Дьааҥы хаптал хайалара), also known as Oymyakon Highlands ( rus, Оймяконское нагорье),Soviet General Topographic Maps P-5 ...
. It flows north across the vast
Yana-Indigirka Lowland
The Yana-Indigirka Lowland (russian: Яно-Индигирская низменность; sah, Дьааҥы - Индигир намтала) is a large, low alluvial plain located in northern Siberia, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia.
Admini ...
, part of the greater
East Siberian Lowland, shared with the
Indigirka to the east. As the river flows into the
Yana Bay
Yana may refer to:
Locations
*Yana, Burma, a village in Hkamti Township in Hkamti District in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma
*Yana, India, a village in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India
* Yana, Nigeria, an administrative ca ...
of the
Laptev Sea
The Laptev Sea ( rus, мо́ре Ла́птевых, r=more Laptevykh; sah, Лаптевтар байҕаллара, translit=Laptevtar baỹğallara) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the northern coast of Siberia, th ...
, it forms a huge
river delta
A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by deposition (geology), deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, res ...
covering .
[Яна]
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (GSE; ) is one of the largest Russian-language encyclopedias, published in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1990. After 2002, the encyclopedia's data was partially included into the later ''Bolshaya rossiyskaya e ...
Yarok
Yarok Island (russian: остров Ярок) is a coastal island in the Laptev Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. The island is located off the mouths of the Chondon, east of the Yana river.
Administratively, Yarok Island is part of Ust-Y ...
is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana.
There are approximately 40,000 lakes in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed from
glaciation
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate betw ...
in the
Verkhoyansk Mountains
The Verkhoyansk Range (russian: Верхоянский хребет, ''Verkhojanskiy Khrebet''; sah, Үөһээ Дьааҥы сис хайата, ''Üöhee Chaangy sis khaĭata'') is a mountain range in the Sakha Republic, Russia near the settl ...
(lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is under
continuous permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface ...
and most is
larch
Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus ''Larix'', of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae). Growing from tall, they are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the north and high on mountains furt ...
woodland grading to
tundra
In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless moun ...
north of about 70°N, though trees extend into suitable microhabitats right to the delta.
Verkhoyansk,
Batagay
Batagay (russian: Батага́й; sah, Баатаҕай, ''Baatağay'') is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River. As of the ...
,
Ust-Kuyga
Ust-Kuyga (russian: Усть-Куйга́; sah, Уус Куйга, translit=Uus Kuyga) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Ust-Yansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia.''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of ...
, and
Nizhneyansk
Nizhneyansk (russian: Нижнея́нск; sah, Нижнеянскай, translit=Nijneyanskay) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Ust-Yansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Deputatsky, the administrative ...
are the main ports on the Yana.
[
The Yana basin is the site of the so-called ]Pole of Cold
The Poles of Cold are the places in the southern and northern hemispheres where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded.
Southern hemisphere
In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in Antarctica, at the Russia ...
of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as and have reached as low as ; in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached . Yakut folklore
Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes oral traditions such as tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. They include material culture, ranging ...
says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they cannot hear you, it is because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago.
Tributaries
The main tributaries
A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage b ...
of the Yana are the Adycha, Oldzho
The Oldzho ( rus, Ольджо; sah, Олдьо), also known as Oldyo (Ольдё) or Olduo (Олдьуо), is a river in the Verkhoyansk District, Sakha Republic, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Yana.
The length of the river is and t ...
, Sartang and Abyrabyt from the right, and the Dulgalakh
The Dulgalakh ( rus, Дулгалах; sah, Дулҕалаах, ''Dulğalaax'') is a river in Yakutia, the left, western source river of the Yana. Its length is and its basin size .
Course
The Dulgalakh rises on the central Verkhoyansk Range, so ...
, Bytantay
The Bytantay (russian: Бытантай; sah, Бытантай) is a river in the Republic of Sakha in Russia. It is a left hand tributary of the Yana, and is long, with a drainage basin of .
Course
The river begins in the eastern flank of th ...
, Tykakh and Baky
The Baky (russian: Бакы; sah, Бакы) is a river in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia. It is one of the northern tributaries of the Yana. The river has a length of and a drainage basin area of .
The river flows north of the Arctic C ...
from the left.[ Most of these tributaries are short rivers flowing from the Verkhoyansk Mountains or the ]Chersky Range
The Chersky Range (, ) is a chain of mountains in northeastern Siberia between the Yana River and the Indigirka River. Administratively the area of the range belongs to the Sakha Republic, although a small section in the east is within Magadan ...
, part of the East Siberian Mountains
The East Siberian Mountains or East Siberian Highlands ( rus, Восточно-Сибирское нагорье) are one of the largest mountain systems of the Russian Federation. They are located between the Central Yakutian Lowland and the Ber ...
.[Water of Russia - Яна](_blank)
/ref>
History
Evidence of modern human habitation was found in the delta at the Yana RHS (Rhinoceros Horn Site) as early as 32,000 years ago. These people, designated as "Ancient North Siberians”, genetically diverged 38,000 years ago from Western Eurasians, soon after the Western Eurasians split from East Asians.
In 1633–38 Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sailed down the Lena and east along the Arctic coast to the mouth of the Yana and reached the Indigirka estuary. In 1636–42 Elisei Buza followed essentially the same route. In 1638–40, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the Chersky Range
The Chersky Range (, ) is a chain of mountains in northeastern Siberia between the Yana River and the Indigirka River. Administratively the area of the range belongs to the Sakha Republic, although a small section in the east is within Magadan ...
to the Indigirka.
In 1892–1894 Baron Eduard Von Toll
Eduard Gustav Freiherr von Toll (russian: Эдуа́рд Васи́льевич Толль, translit=Eduárd Vasíl'evič Toll'; 1902), better known in Russia as Eduard Vasilyevich Toll and often referred to as Baron von Toll, was a Russian ge ...
, accompanied by expedition leader Alexander von Bunge
Alexander Georg von Bunge (russian: Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Бу́нге; – ) was a Russian botanist. He is best remembered for scientific expeditions into Asia and especially Siberia.
Early life and education
Bunge was b ...
, carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Yana (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered , of which were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.
See also
*List of rivers of Russia
Russia can be divided into a European and an Asian part. The dividing line is generally considered to be the Ural Mountains. The European part is drained into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained into ...
*Yana Plateau
The Yana Plateau ( rus, Янское плоскогорье, sah, Дьааҥы хаптал хайалара) is a mountain plateau in the Sakha Republic, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia. Google Earth
The plateau lies in an uninhabited ar ...
References
{{Reflist
General References
*William Barr
William Pelham Barr (born May 23, 1950) is an American attorney who served as the 77th and 85th United States attorney general in the administrations of Presidents George H. W. Bush and Donald Trump.
Born and raised in New York City, Barr ...
, Baron Eduard Von Toll's Last Expedition. Arctic, Sept 1980.
*Alexander von Bunge & Baron Eduard Von Toll, ''The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Jana country, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences.'' 1887.
Rivers of the Sakha Republic
East Siberian Lowland