The Yip1 domain family is a group of proteins involved in regulating secretory traffic in

eukaryote Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...

s. The family consists of four members in yeast and nine members in humans. Family members have a shared architecture containing five transmembrane domains.

Evolution

Yip1 domain family members are found in all eukaryotes. The budding yeast '' Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' has four Yip1 domain family members: Yif1p, Yip1p, Yip4p, and Yip5p. The amino acid sequence of the Yip domain family members divides them into two groups, called α-subunits and β-subunits. The α-subunits – in yeast Yip1p and Yip4p – are more closely related to each other than they are to the β-subunits, Yip5p and Yif1p. In mammals, both groups are expanded, with α-subunits YipF4, YipF5, YipF6, and YipF7; as well as β-subunits Yif1A, Yif1B, YipF1, YipF2, and YipF3.

Function

Yip1 domain family members localize to the Golgi apparatus, where they interact with each other to form complexes involved in trafficking cargo within the Golgi, and/or between the

endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum ( ...

and Golgi. The Yip1 domain family members are widely distributed throughout the body – with the exception of YipF7 found primarily in the

skeletal muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscl ...

and tongue, while YipF1A is predominantly in the liver. Within the cell, the different Yip family members have slightly different localizations, with YipF5, YipF7, Yif1A, and Yif1B (in yeast Yip1p and Yif1p) at the margin of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi; YipF3 and YipF4 at the cis-Golgi; and YipF1, YipF2, and Yipf6 (in yeast Yip4p and Yip5p) at the trans-Golgi. YipF1 was conditionally knocked-out in mice with no observable effect. A non-functional version of YipF6 exacerbated intestinal inflammation in mice, and sometimes resulted in spontaneous intestinal inflammatory disease.

Structure

Each Yip1 domain family protein contains five transmembrane domains, with the

N-terminus The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ...

exposed to the cytosol and the

C-terminus The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is ...

to the Golgi apparatus lumen. Yip1 domain family members are thought to interact with a partner, with two molecules of each partner forming an active tetramer complex with 20 transmembrane segments.

References

{{Reflist Secretion Eukaryote proteins