Xystodesmid

Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality. They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia. Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus ''Nannaria'' contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in ''Nannaria'' have been described.

Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including '' Apheloria virginiensis'' of the eastern U.S. and ''Harpaphe haydeniana'' of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus ''Motyxia'' exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of ''Apheloria'' and ''Brachoria'' in the Appalachians exhibit Müllerian mimicry, in which unrelated species resemble one another where they co-occur.

The family Xystodesmidae was named by O. F. Cook in 1895, upon the description of ''Xystodesmus martensii'', (previously ''Polydesmus martensii''). Xytodesmidae is placed in the suborder Chelodesmidea within the order Polydesmida (the "flat-backed" or "keeled millipedes"). Xystodemids are characterized by a relatively broad and compact body shape and one or more spines on the second leg-segments (prefemoral spines) in most species.

Classification

The family is divided into three subfamilies: the Melaphinae with around 10 species, the Parafontariinae with a dozen species in a single genus, and the Xystodesminae, with many genera and species.

Subfamily Melaphinae

Macellolophini
*''Macellolophus''
Melaphini
*'' Melaphe''
*'' Ochridaphe''

Subfamily Parafontariinae

* ''Parafontaria''

Subfamily Xystodesminae

The subfamily Xystodesminae is subdivided into ten tribes,Hoffman, R. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, 1–553Marek, P., et al. (2014
''A Species Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)''.
Special Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 140 p. each ending in the suffix "-ini", although taxonomist Richard Hoffman stated in his 1999 checklist: "I am by no means satisfied that this is the definitive arrangement, nor that the tribal divisions of the Xystodesminae are entirely satisfactory either."

Apheloriini Hoffman, 1980
* ''Apheloria''
* '' Appalachioria''
* ''Brachoria''
* '' Brevigonus''
* '' Cheiropus''
* '' Cleptoria''
* '' Croatania''
* '' Deltotaria''
* '' Dixioria''
* '' Dynoria''
* '' Falloria''
* '' Furcillaria''
* '' Lyrranea''
* '' Prionogonus''
* '' Rudiloria''
* '' Sigmoria''
* '' Stelgipus''

Chonaphini Verhoeff, 1941
* '' Chonaphe''
* '' Metaxycheir''
* '' Montaphe''
* '' Selenocheir''
* ''Semionellus''
* '' Tubaphe''

Devilleini Brölemann, 1916
*'' Devillea''

Nannarini Hoffman, 1964
* ''Nannaria''
* '' Oenomaea''

Orophini Hoffman, 1964
*'' Kiulinga''
*'' Pamelaphe''
* '' Orophe''

Pachydesmini Hoffman, 1980
* '' Dicellarius''
* '' Pachydesmus''
* '' Thrinaxoria''

Rhysodesmini Brolemann, 1916
* ''Boraria''
* '' Cherokia''
* '' Erdelyia''
* '' Gyalostethus''
* '' Pleuroloma''
* '' Rhysodesmus''
* ''Stenodesmus''
* '' Caralinda''
* ''Gonoessa''
* '' Lourdesia''
* '' Parvulodesmus''

Sigmocheirini Causey, 1955
* '' Ochthocelata''
* '' Sigmocheir''

Xystocheirini Cook, 1904
* ''Anombrocheir''
* ''Motyxia''
* ''Parcipromus''
* ''Wamokia''
* ''Xystocheir''

Xystodesmini Hoffman, 1980
* ''Harpaphe''
* '' Isaphe''
* '' Koreoaria''
* '' Levizonus''
* '' Riukiaria''
* '' Thrinaphe''
* '' Xystodesmus''
* '' Yaetakaria''

See also

* List of Xystodesmidae genera

References

External links

*
*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3720113

Polydesmida
Millipede families